Introduction to Personality

The unique individual characteristics of person that make him/her different from others is called personality. All individuals are naturally different in patterns of thinking, feeling and behaving which is also termed as personality. Each person possesses strengths and areas of improvement (Inadequacies/Weaknesses).

Self-exploration

Keeping the operational concept in view, every person is suggested to get through personality assessment in order to explore your personality type explaining your strengths and areas of development along with suitable professions according to your personality typology.

Key Benefits of Personality Exploration

• The more you understand about your personality type, better you will able to review and evaluate the personality typology system.
• The more you understand about personality type of self and other, better you will be able to realize what education, profession and occupation is suitable for you.
• Understanding strengths and areas of improvement of self and others will enable you to deal with people keeping their personality limitations and protocols in view.
• Knowing the personality type of those people you are living with enables you to meaningfully deal with them.
• Understanding the strengths of people helps us in task delegation and project responsibilities.
• Personality exploration highlights the areas of improvement enabling us to develop our personality.
• Understanding the personality type is central point to motivation for personal, social and professional development.

Suggestions for Personality Development

• Be congruent that you are created by ALLAH.
• Meet new people for the sake of socialization.
• Respect independence status of others people.
• Consider the rights of others to walk on right path.
• Value the norms of gender, age, grade and society.
• Avail the right options at right time in a right direction.
• Understand the people what they want to really share.
• Avoid to complement the people in presence of others.
• Maintain a balance emotion with required enthusiasm.
• Avoid penetrating into the secrecy and privacy of others.
• Be, cooperative, empathetic as well as supportive to others.
• Demonstrate a positive outlook and attitude towards others.
• Bring harmony among your thoughts, feelings and behaviors.
• Develop healthy interests in personal, social and professional life.
• Be a good listener to develop effective communication skills.
• Have integrity and behave people meaningfully: respect & ethics.
• Ask yourself regularly: "What am I doing? Why am I doing it? Who benefits from it?"

 

 

Introduction to Emotional Intelligence (EQ/EI)

Emotional Intelligence/Emotional Quotient (EI/EQ) is ability to recognize one’s own and others’ emotions. Emotional Intelligence helps in:

1. Identification of human feelings.
2. Label the emotions appropriately.
3. Use emotional information in healthy direction.
4. Guide thinking and behavior pattern in accordance with emotional state.

It is significant for personal, social and professional as well as institutional /organizational development, because the principles of emotional intelligence provide directions to assess people's behaviors, management styles, attitudinal disposition and interpersonal skills. It is also considered important in career selection, career planning, career development, human resource planning and job profiling along with recruiting the right selection for quality working. It is strongly linked with concepts of ethics, respect, protocols, love and spirituality: bringing compassion and humanity. The wider perspective of emotional intelligence enable us to be successful human not only a progressive professional. We all have met people who are academically brilliant and yet are socially and inter-personally hopeless and we know that despite possessing a high I.Q. rating success does not follow.

Developing Self-awareness

Considering the first pillar of EQ, knowing what one is feeling at any given time and analyzing the impact of feelings on self and others. Self-awareness is having a clear perception of thoughts, feelings, emotions and behaviors as it is foundation of emotional intelligence which differentiates low performers from high performers. Self-awareness allows us to perceive ourselves and others with respect to attitude and responses towards surroundings. Developing self-awareness is important in every stage of life at school, at college, at university, at workplace and at home. Practicing the following suggestions leads to develop self-awareness.

• Self-assessment. Set time for self-assessment in solitude.
• Socialization. Peopling skills can bring raise in self-awareness.
• Practice Norms. Learn to respond acceptably as per norms.
• Diary Keeping. Write a diary for both cathartic and enlightening.
• Ownership. Take responsibility of your actions and consequences.

Developing Self-confidence, Self-regulation/Self-control

Our self-assurance in trusting our abilities, capacities and judgments is called self-confidence. Controlling or re-directing one’s emotions and anticipating consequences before taking action is called self-regulation. Self-control is ability to manage actions and decisions you take in routine life. One of the key parts of culture is to focus on self-improvement. A person with self-control is able to meet temptations and distractions calmly. You should take charge of your life confidently. By following simple steps, you can build, strengthen and maintain self-control. There are two main things contribute to self-confidence: (1) self-efficacy (Your belief in your innate ability to achieve goals: It as a personal judgement “how well you can execute courses of action required to deal with prospective situations”) and (2) self-esteem (Confidence in one’s own worth or self-respect). You are being guided to follow the suggestions to boost self-confidence:

• Better Outlook. If you dress up nicely, you feel presentable and ready to manage the world around you.
• Personal Schema. Use mental photo shopping skills to work on your self-image. If it is not a good one, change it.
• Positive Attitude. Replace negative thoughts with positive one. With this tiny little skills, you may be able to achieve and change whole thought pattern in a short time frame.
• Avoid Negativity. Learn to aware of thoughts and feelings you have about yourself and what you are doing to recognize negative self-talk and techniques to change it.
• Monologue. Start listening your thoughts, writing a journal about the thoughts you have about yourself and analysing why you have such thoughts. Think about the good things about yourself and the things you can do well and the things you like.
• Enlist Positives and Negatives. Enlist suffering and prospering areas of your life. If you are failing all of your classes in school, you may need to study. If you are gaining weight at an alarming rate, you may need to sacrifice a few parts of your meals. Think of causes and solutions against every problem and write it down. Make it sure; you are not the only one with this problem. Students often refer to poor self-control when they have problems with diet, exercise, work/study habits and emotional behaviour.
• Identify and Focus on Un-controllable. Being informed makes the right decision easier. If you want to lose weight, taking the time to read about nutrition and healthy dieting will naturally motivate you. If you have friends with similar problems, ask them about their own experiences. By sharing notes, you get tips to coping mechanisms and strategies.
• Self-assessment. Start challenging yourself to control your behavior for a short span of time. If you are addicted to television, try turning it off for one day. Then work up to leaving it off for two days, then longer.
• Ask Family and Friends for Development. Share your family and friends to remind you about your goals whenever you fallback into bad behaviors. Family and friends can also join you in alternate actions when you are having trouble in controlling yourself.
• Change the Atmosphere. When you feel losing your self-control, immediately think of something else you can do. Go for a walk. Drink a glass of water. This will over-turn the train of thought and give you time to regain your self-discipline.

 

 

Developing Motivational Drive

Applying emotional factors to achieve goals, enjoy learning process and persevere in face of obstacles is known as motivation. It is a state of internal and external factors which encourages aspiration and liveliness to attain goals. Motivation possesses three types of conscious and unconscious factors such as:

(1)      Intensity of desire or need.

(2)      Incentive or reward of the goal.

(3)      Expectations of individual and his/her peer.

Motivation and hopefulness can be strengthened by practicing following techniques.

• Create a Hymn. Hymn is a verbal statement that reinforces a positive mind-set which is helpful and keeps spirits high. It can be something simple like “I am strong and “I can get through this,” or “I can get more creative.
• Planning for Smart Goals. It is good to have big goals, but first start from small, achievable and measurable one. In addition to setting smart milestones, make sure they are measurable and specific in achievement.
• Commit and Accomplish Publicly. Commit your goals by sharing with your family and friends. Not only creating a support system, it will also help you to feel more accountable for achieving goal.
• Be Routine Oriented. It is important to develop routine that will keep you inspired and move toward accomplishment. Routine can differ from students to student, so do some experiments to find what works for you. You may find that a quick jog in morning clears your mind and improves your outlook. You may like to read a chapter for self-improvement before going to bed. It could even be as simple as walking up 15 minutes early so that you can eat a leisurely breakfast out on the porch before work. Whatever routine you choose, make sure it encourages peacefulness. If you are happy and relaxed, motivation will enhance.
• Assertive Mindedness. Optimism is a learnt mental state. In order to keep your motivation high, optimism should be learnt and sustained. The first step to learning optimism is to acknowledge the moments when you are being pessimistic. Once you have been acknowledged, you have the power to debate pessimism away.

 

 

Developing Empathy

Sensing the emotions and feelings of others. The ability to step into the shoes of other persons aiming to understand their feelings and perspectives for guiding our actions. Empathy encompasses both mental and emotional processes. It is natural, but it also can be learned. This habit can cultivate to improve the quality of lives. Practicing empathy can lead to greater connection with others in which you become more loving and less judgmental. Empathy can be fostered by through following suggestions:

• Identification of Emotions. To cultivate and increase empathy, you need to start with yourself. Pay close attention to your emotional state; consider what situation changes your emotion, what gives rise to positive or negative emotions.
• Cultivation of Curiosity. Empathic People (EPs) have curiosity about strangers. Curiosity expands empathy when you talk to people outside their usual social circle, exposure to lives and view the world from different angles. Crucially, it tries to understand the world inside the head of other person. Talk to person sitting next to you on the bus. Avoid be an examiner, be interest inquirer.
• Diverse Peopling Skills. Get to know people of all sects, ages, ethnicities, gender orientations, socio-economic backgrounds and level of abilities. The more types of people you get to know, the more experiences you will have to draw for increasing your empathy.
• Draw Similarities between You and Others. When we draw difference between ourselves and other people, it is difficult to understand others. Especially, find out similarities between you and people you do not like or who you disagree with. For greater empathy, seek out similarities between you and other species.
• Reflection of Perspective. Taking perspective encompasses the cognitive component of empathy and helps you to improve their own empathy. By imagining how others feel, you better identify with them. For instance, when witnessing someone else’s grief at the loss of a loved one, picture how you would feel losing someone close to you. While your experience is not the same as someone else’s, you can get close to how they feel through the lens of your own grief, whether imagined or real. This process is a building block in empathizing with others.

 

 

Developing Social skills

Managing relationships, inspiring others and inducing desired responses from them is the considered as social skills. Ability to respond and act acceptably according to norms of society for personal and community well-being is known as social skills. There are some common and essential social skills:

(1)      Interpersonal

(2)      Planning

(3)      Collaboration

(4)      Analysis

(5)      Innovation

(6)      Management

(7)      Computer

(8)      Organizational Leadership

You can make yourself positively socialized by following the techniques:

• Defeat Nervousness. Avoid from shyness. If you have not already, then you need to do so.
• Social Participation. You will never get better if do not get involved in various debates. It is good way to improve social skills. Talk to someone you would not usually talk.
• Build Self-esteem. You will succeed if you develop confidence, so recognize each small thing; you accomplish, realize that value has come from you and reside in you.
• Inter Personal Communication. At school, college, university, work, grocery store or at any other place, communication is powerful tool to enhance social skills.
• Maintain Inner Peace. People will like you when you are comfortable with yourself. You can help to grow these feelings by building your sense of self-worth.

 

 

Introduction to Intelligence

It is an ability to learn though reading materials/virtual mods/environment/data to comprehend, analyse and interact with one’s environment both verbally and non-verbally. This capacity also includes:

(1)      Adaptability to adjust in the new/changed environment.

(2)      Dimensions for knowledge and ability to acquire it.

(3)      Capability for reasoning and abstract thought.

(4)      Ability to comprehend associations.

(5)      Ability to evaluate, judge and taking decisions.

(6)      Diversity for original and productive thought.

Fluid and Crystallized Intelligence

Fluid intelligence is an ability to process new information, learn and solve problems whereas crystallized intelligence is stored knowledge, accumulated over the years. The two types work together and are equally important.

Achievement and Intelligence

Achievement is assessed through tests designed to measure students’ knowledge in content domain in which they have received instructions. In contrast to achievement, intelligence is assessed via tests broader in scope than achievement tests and are designed to measure cognitive skills, abilities and knowledge that students have accumulated as a result of their life experiences coupled with skills in application to problem-solving.

Basic and Applied Intelligence

Basic intelligence is fundamental or factual information about something that is collected and produced in results reports whereas applied intelligence is a way of combining artificial intelligence technologies with data analytics, automation and human ingenuity and applying them to solve our most complex issues. It enables to deliver intellectual insights to drive innovation and obtain outcomes. Intelligence can be measured in following two formats.

Abductive Reasoning and Algorithms

Abductive Reasoning is a type of logical inference starts with an observation and sets out to find the most likely, least complex explanation and delivers a plausible conclusion, but does not verify it absolutely whereas Algorithms is a sets of rules, initially set by humans for computer programs to follow.

Artificial Intelligence and Analogical Reasoning

Artificial Intelligence is broad term used to describe the set of technologies that enable machines to sense, comprehend, act and learn. When scientists and mathematicians began discussing how a mechanical device could be used to imitate the human process of mathematical deduction and Analogical Reasoning compares similarities between two concepts, systems or objects to draw conclusions about what is likely to be true about the new concept, system or object.

Inductive and Deductive Reasoning

Deductive Reasoning is the ability to comprehend through available facts, information or knowledge whereas Inductive Reasoning involves making a generalization from specific facts and observations. Deductive reasoning uses a top-down approach whereas inductive reasoning uses a bottom-up approach. Deductive reasoning moves from generalized statement to a valid conclusion, whereas Inductive reasoning moves from specific observation to a generalization. In deductive reasoning, the conclusions are certain, whereas, in Inductive reasoning, the conclusions are probabilistic. Deductive arguments can be valid or invalid, which means if premises are true, the conclusion must be true, whereas inductive argument can be strong or weak, which means conclusion may be false even if premises are true.

Verbal Intelligence and Non-verbal Intelligence

The ability to analyze information and solve problems by using language based reasoning is called Verbal Intelligence and the ability to analyze information & solve problems with a little or no use of language. It is with the one from one’s time of birth OR natural innate intelligence.

Benefits of IQ Assessment for Students

Measurement and applications of intellectual management results in following benefits for students:

(1)      Helping to meet and enhance unique pattern of cognitive strengths.

(2)      Preparing to get turnover from schooling and life experiences.

(3)      Empowering to make career planning.

(4)      Serving as baseline skill to produce reasoning abilities.

(5)      Providing with potential to learn across the curriculum.

(6)      Feeding with verbal and non-Verbal reasoning skills.

(7)      Enabling to get success from screening programs of employers.

(8)      Providing information regarding areas of strength and weakness.

(9)      Allowing to be compared to age-or grade-peer.

(10)    Helping in solving verbal, arithmetic and pictorial complications.

(11)    Making fluent in questions and answers for competitive exams.

(12)    Enabling to get knowledge of ratios, proportions, fractions and data interpretation etc.

(13)    Moving beyond retaining and recalling information.

(14)    Empowering in decision-making skills.

(15)    An effective way to strengthen life skills.

(16)    Facilitating in comprehension, evaluation and creativity.

(17)    Transferring information to circle of professional skills circle.

Strategies to Improve Intellectual Management

Intellectual management capacity can be strengthened and improved through following practical suggestions:

(1)      Establish gross motor exercises to develop fine motor skills.

(2)      Challenge your brain to think differently includes reasons.

(3)      Play logic/strategic puzzles and games.

(4)      Work on challenging your brain in new ways.

(5)      Get physical exercise for your sound physical development.

(6)      Expand your thinking horizons to making your reasoning broader.

(7)      Think of new procedures to do old things.

(8)      Be observant and Keep track of your progress to develop more.

(9)      Minimize distracting indicators and influences.

(10)    Learn multiplication tables to find arithmetic reasoning.

(11)    Visualize impacts of what you are doing.

(12)    Use demonstration skills for learning up gradation.

(13)    Consider background knowledge before learning new skills.

(14)    Perform practice-centered activities for hands-on learning and practical skills development.

(15)    Practice group working to make thinking more operational, concrete, productive and constructive.

(16)    Memorizing certain common things will help you to sharpen retention skills.

(17)    Learn the use of mnemonic strategies.

(18)    Emphasize on writing for healthy results and group discussion for learning through shared experiences.

(19)    Before starting conversation or task, ask for rules to get work done with quality within time frame.

(20)    Do not get frustrated by opinions of others.

(21)    Do not worry about incomplete tasks or if things do not seem/go logical. Sometimes it is okay to move-on and re-visit assignment later for betterment and quality enhancement.

(22)    Club your information and develop a link between occurrences.

(23)    Move ahead and place your knowledge into categories. It will help you to recall information when you need it for decision-making.

(24)    Establish specific goals to manage step-by-step, do not hung-up.

(25)    Develop logical and realistic verbal and non-verbal communication among concepts.

(26)    Emphasize analyzing the conditions to find mature conclusions.

(27)    Learn to get actual message of words to give them a meaningful understanding.

(28)    Perform visual-motor and gross motor exercises.

(29)    Learn multiplication tables and its patterns for quick and shortcut arithmetic skills.

(30)    Develop realistic non-verbal communication among diagrams.

 

 

Introduction to Core Values

An ethic program for human to define a set of values that represent the moral ideals for human being and organization is called core values system. Core values are desirable and trans-situational goals that serve as guiding principles in life. When students think of their values, they think of what is important to them in their lives (Security, Independence, Wisdom, Success, Kindness and Pleasure). Each student holds numerous values with varying degree of importance. A particular value may be important to one student, but may be unimportant or less important to other student. So core values are differently defined like:

1. Values are beliefs, tied indistinguishably to emotion, not objective and ideas.
2. Values are motivational construct and refer to desirable goals which students strive to attain.
3. Values guide the selection or evaluation of actions, policies, people and events.
4. Values serve as standards or criteria.

The ten basic values are intended to include all core values recognized in cultures around the world.

Self-direction

• Independent thought and action; exploring, choosing and creating life goals/career.

Stimulation

(2)      Create novelty with excitement in life to overcome career’s challenge.

Hedonism

(3)      Bring pleasure and sensuous gratification for oneself.

Achievement

(4)      Personal success through demonstrating competence according to social standards.

Preference

(5)      Social status and prestige with sources and resources.

Security

(6)      Safety, harmony and stability of society, of relationships and of self.

Conformity

(7)      Restraint of actions, inclinations and impulses likely to upset and violate social expectations or norms.

Tradition

(8)      Respect, commitment and acceptance of customs and ideas that traditional culture or religion provide the students.

Benevolence

(9)      Preserving and enhancing the welfare of those with whom students is in frequent personal contact.

Universalism

(10)    Understanding, appreciation, tolerance and protection for welfare of all people and nature.

Career

The hierarchical progression taken by students in education and profession/occupation throughout the lifespan is called career. There are two phases of career

Educational Phase

Basing on aptitude, intellectual capacity and personal interests, students choose the best possible subject combination for their academic career growth.

Professional/Occupational Phase

This is the phase in which students select and join the profession/occupation that best suits to them aligned with their academic achievements.

Career Counseling

The professional services intended to empower students to make realistic informed career decisions i.e. selection of educational and occupational choices matching with their personality, intellectual capacity, interests and core values.

Career Counseling develops potential, makes aware about opportunities and enables students to manage career meaningfully. Students must get career counseling services with respect to knowledge management, positive attitude, skills attainment and decision-making which lead to success in career. Career counselling services provide students about understanding of available educational avenues, professional trends and job market so that they can develop their skills accordingly.

Parents Counseling

Counselling of parents is also required, so that they can help their children in choosing a better career path for their children which is market friendly as well as manage the required finance for academic career.

Factors Affecting on Career Decision-making

Career decision-making is not simply matching student to education, profession and occupation. During planning the career, it is important to beware of the contexts in which career progresses. These are following influencers impact students’ career:

a. Individual Influencers	b. Social Influencers	c. Environmental Influencers
(1) Aptitude (2) Knowledge (3) Belief System (4) Characteristics (5) Personal Interests (6) Disability (7) Health(s) (8) Values (9) Gender (10) Skills (11) Age	(1) Media (2) Peers (3) Family (4) Groups (5) Community (6) Socio-economic Status	(1) Education Achievement (2) Geographical Location (3) Employment Market (4) Political Decisions (5) Time Perspective (6) Historical Trends (7) Institutions (8) Chance

 

Traditional and Contemporary Career Counseling

a. Traditional Counselling	b. Contemporary Counselling
(1) Just one/on time career information.	(1) Acquisition of skills that support lifelong learning and continuous career development
(2) Follow parents without exploring the aptitude, personality type and intellectual capacity/skills.	(2) Experiential activity, personal career planning and skills attainment nurtured throughout developmental process
(3) Career-related information is provided at the end of secondary school level.	(3) Career development is a life-long process and is explicit throughout schooling. Emphasis is placed on planning, logical thinking, transforming knowledge and focusing on keeping options open.
(4) Career outcomes are exhibited in a successful transition from school to further education, training or work.	(4) Career outcomes are open and expressed throughout student experience at school, college or university level building their spirit and aspirations that endure after exiting school to a successful life/work choice

 

 

 

Benefits of Career Counseling for Students

Career Counseling provides following long-term benefits to students:

1. Necessary help to make a realistic educational plan.
2. Training in personality growth and development.
3. Helping to choose career according to personality and lifestyle.
4. Enabling to uplift careers in conformity with ideology/norms.
5. Growing interview and live communication skills of students.
6. Encouraging facilitative and co-operative peer interactions.
7. Assuring equitable access to educational opportunities.
8. Relating educational program to professional success.
9. Developing decision-making and problem-solving skills.
10. Preparing students for challenges of coming century.
11. Introducing to personal interests, skills and aptitude.
12. Assisting in developing effective interpersonal skills.
13. Empowering in acquiring knowledge of self and others.
14. Teaching time management and other life skills.
15. Training to be successful in all phases of career.
16. Facilitating career exploration and development.
17. Broadening knowledge of ever-changing world.
18. Fostering resilience factors for students.
19. Enhancing personal development.
20. Providing advocacy for students.

Educational Disciplines & Subjects

(1)      Management & Business

Management & Business studies develop a broad understanding of business and its management by providing subject-specific knowledge in areas like marketing, customer care, finance, operations, communication, information technology as well as business development and strategies.

1. Business Management

This course has been designed to teach knowledge and skills necessary to perform leadership roles in business management in corporate sector. Business management teaches to manage activities such as account management, tax return preparation and employee supervision. Job options for business management include work as business development specialist, account executive, business analyst and office manager.

2. Commerce

This educational course provides wide range of managerial skills in particular area of business. The general business principles, taking courses in accounting, finance, business management, human resources, business statistics, marketing and economics are studied in commerce.

3. Information Technology

Information technology prepares to understand the world of information technology and its management occur at interface between information technology and business. This course introduces to analyze problem in information technology and defines computing requirements appropriate to its solution with a focus how to design, implement and evaluate a computer-based system, process, component and program to meet desired needs. The course leads to recognize the need for continuing professional development and imparts an understanding of professional, ethical, legal, security and social issues as well as responsibilities in information technology. Information technology is managed in accordance with its needs and priorities and may include tangible investments like computer hardware, software, data, networks and data center facilities.

4. Public Administration

Public administration works for federal, provincial and municipal public servants for higher administrative and management positions. Curriculum of public administration provides the knowledge, skills, frameworks and tools needed to lead and manage public sector and non-profit organizations including management, leadership, finance, ethics, human resources, quantitative and qualitative analysis, budget implementation and rules & regulations of public governance.

 

5. Disaster Preparedness & Management

Disaster can be divided in two types (1) man-made disaster and (2) natural disaster. Disaster management prepares to understand causes of disaster, gain experience in analyze causes of specific disaster, analyze and critique strategies for disaster mitigation and apply learning to specific disaster mitigation related situations in social sciences, management sciences, engineering, environmental, medical and psychology.

 

 

(2)      Arts & Humanities

The arts & humanities teach how to develop and create ideas have affected human culture and society. However, there is crossover between two areas as well as with social sciences like anthropology and subjects like law and modern languages are sometimes also considered as arts & humanities. The arts & humanities are about creation, connection, reflection and curiosity include visual art, media art, music, theatre, creative writing, study of languages, culture, race and gender, classics, history, philosophy, religion, literature and linguistics. Skills learned in arts and humanities such as communication, collaboration, creative problem solving, critical thinking and writing are valuable in a wide range of jobs especially in this century characterized by rapid change.

1. Education

Education studies concerned with how learn throughout and examine the skills and methods behind educating and teaching. The course prepares for wide variety of careers that involve training, teaching or leading others, especially children. Job options include: Community education officer, early years teacher, education administrator, English as a foreign language teacher, primary school teacher, secondary school teacher and teaching assistant.

2. Research & Evaluation

Research & evaluation examines techniques and process of program evaluation and policy research in addition to studying social and political context within which evaluation occurs. The course informs the decision-making process in variety of fields including business, social services, organizational development, education systems and conflict resolution.

It takes the range of qualitative and quantitative methods of research. They become versed in areas like survey design, statistical data analysis and qualitative inquiry.

3. Library & Information

The course prepares for professional practice in library and equips with practical skills required for identification, management, organisations of information stored to fostering understanding of processes by which information is produced, disseminated, controlled and recorded.

4. History

Studies of History(s) lays the foundation for social inquiry on politics and culture, bridge humanities with social sciences, trains in conceptual rigor, archive research, produce critical analysis and historical writing. Course of history offers expertise include history of capitalism, politics, violence, gender, psychology, social movements, history and theory.

5. Islamic Study

Islamic Studies develop comprehensive knowledge of Islamic intellectual history, religious thought as well as mastery in field of specialization. They are expected to demonstrate competence in Islamic religious history focusing on the development of Islamic civilization, law, society and institutions. Islamic religious thoughts focus on Islamic philosophy, theology and Sufism. Islamic studies focus on composition, redaction and interpretation of Qur’an and Hadith aligned with contemporary Islamic studies focusing on 16th to 21st century developments in Middle East, Iran, South Asia, Southeast Asia, Africa and most recently Europe and America.

6. Muslim Civilization

Islamic civilization is based on the value of education of both Qur'an and Prophet MOHAMMAD (SAW) stressed dated back from 8th century to 13th century during historically Islamic world was ruled by caliphates and science, economic development and cultural works flourished. This period is understood to have begun during the reign of Abbasid caliph Harun al-Rashid (786 to 809) with inauguration of House of Wisdom in Baghdad where scholars from world with different cultural backgrounds were mandated to gather and translate all of world’s classical knowledge into Arabic language. This period is traditionally said to have ended with collapse of Abbasid caliphate due to Mongol invasions and Sack of Baghdad in 1258 AD. Because Islam originated and has developed in an Arab culture, other cultures which have adopted Islam have tended to be influenced by Arab customs. Thus Arab Muslim societies and other Muslims have cultural affinities. Islamic culture inherited an Arab culture born in desert.

7. Christian Study

Christian civilization has been intertwined with history and formation of Western society. Christian Church has been major source of social services like schooling, medical care, inspiration for art, culture & philosophy and influential player in politics and religion. It has promulgated the teachings of Jesus within Western world and throughout third-world nations. Gregorian calendar is adopted as civil calendar and is measured from date of Jesus’s birth.

8. South Asian Study

South Asian Studies as academic subject researches cultures, societies, religions, politics, histories, languages and literatures of subcontinent which today includes India, Nepal, Pakistan, Bangladesh and Sri Lanka. Although historical developments in South Asia include discipline's teaching and research focuses on dynamic, transforming and complex regions of world, specifically India's global engagement and influence in economics, high-tech research, entertainment, art, international politics and in other fields increases steadily.

9. Pakistan Study

Pakistan study aims at enhancing students' knowledge about history, culture and geography of Pakistan and to become good citizen. It is a compulsory subject from class Ninth (9th) up to the university level. The subject is widely researched in and outside the country.

10. Kashmir Study

Kashmir studies are intended to provide introduction to Jammu & Kashmir in its entirety. This course aims to achieve understanding of history, culture, religions and politics of Kashmir. This helps to promote diversity, cultural exchange and cause of regional peace and cooperation.

 

11. Iqbal Study

Iqbal studies strengthen the ideology of Pakistan and to achieve national integrity and unity through message of the poet philosopher of Pakistan Promote the research in the Iqbal studies.

12. Fine Arts

Fine art studies integrate diverse subjects including art history, visual studies, ethnomusicology, performance studies and cultural studies. The program provides opportunities to analyze artistic practices in multiple media and to investigate how the practices have been affected by industrialization, colonialism, commercialism and globalization. It offers global and interdisciplinary comprehension of arts. Historically, five main fine arts are painting, sculpture, architecture, music and poetry with performing arts including theatre. Today, fine arts include film, photography, video production, designing, sequential art, conceptual art and printmaking. Fine Arts focus for hands on skills in drawing, sculpture, painting, printmaking and painting. It familiarizes with basic design concepts, leading to use technology to enhance creative abilities in fields like communication design, textiles, ceramics and photography.

13. Urdu

Urdu is national language of Pakistan as well as one of the languages spoken in western India. Spoken by 60–70 million people, Urdu descends from the Indo-Iranian branch of Indo-European languages. The number of Urdu speakers constitutes the fourth largest of the languages of the world, after Mandarin Chinese, English and Spanish. Teaching, print and electronic media, research & academic organizations may be potential sources for career development in Urdu language.

14. Arabic

Arabic study develops the ability to speak, understand, read and write Arabic language and encourages to foster an appreciation of Islamic literature and civilization. Students expand knowledge of Middle East and of culture of more than one billion Arabs across the globe. The Arabic language is one of the United Nations' six official languages and U.S. Government considers it one of the most critical languages for Americans to learn. Chicago has one of nation's largest Arab-American populations in U.S. giving opportunities to visit its communities and gain first-hand knowledge about the Arab culture and language.

15. Punjabi

Punjabi language occupies central place in South Asia and represents one of the largest and longest-standing Punjabi-language in the world. Outside of South Asia, It is spoken by the inhabitants of the historical region called Punjab, now located in north western India and Pakistan. There are various scripts used to write this language, depending on the region in which the speaker lives. It can be written in Gurmukhi or Devangari script which looks alike. It can also be written in Shahmukhi script which is a variant of Urdu alphabet. There are approximately 110 million speakers of this language worldwide. The course introduces Punjabi language with emphasis on practical written and spoken Punjabi. The course includes learning to read and write phonology, basic grammar and vocabulary, verb tenses and grammatical constructions.

16. Baluchistan & Balochi Language

Baloch is a nation consisting of 500 tribes, their tradition and common values. They are united civilized society and speak common language called Baluchi. This nation lives in a vast land called Baluchistan located in Easter part of Asia north of Gulf occupied by three modern countries Iran, Pakistan and Afghanstan. The capital is Quetta and it has 34,000 sq. miles. Some historians say that Balochi came from Halab, Allepe and are Semites. Balochi is principal language of Baluchistan.

In 1989, Prime Minister Benazir Bhutto gave permission to use local languages, Balochi, Pushto and Brahui in primary education in Baluchistan. A Balochi studies section teaches Balochi language and literature. Balochi academy located in Quetta publishes literary works in Balochi. The first radio broadcasts in Baluchi were presented on 25th December, 1949 by Radio Pakistan with 45-minute daily program on 10-kilowatt short wave transmitter from its Karachi station.

17. Sindhi Language

Sindhi is an Indo-Aryan language of Sindh province spoken by Sindhi people, state of Rajasthan, Punjab and Gujarat in India as well as immigrant communities. Sindhi language television is broadcasting in Pakistan such as KTN, Sindh TV, Awaz Television Network. Sindhi is computing a software for Sindhi language and is intended for the users to read, write and learn Sindhi language online or offline. Sindhi language keyboards have been developed for the Windows OS, Android smartphones. Various other online websites provide Sindhi keyboard such as Keymanweb.org.

18. Pashto Language

Pashto is a south eastern Indo-Iranian language spoken in Afghanistan, Pakistan and Iran. There are three main varieties of Pashto: Northern Pashto spoken mainly in Pakistan, Southern Pashto spoken in Afghanistan and Central Pashto spoken in Pakistan.

The number of Pashto speakers is estimating range from 45 million to 55 million. Pashto is first language of between 40% and 55% (11 to 15.4 Million) of Afghanistan people. Pashto has about 25 million speakers in Pakistan (15% Population) in the Federally Administered Tribal Areas (FATA) and provinces of Balochistan, Mianwali, Attock, Sindh, Punjab and Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. Pashto was made national language of Afghanistan by royal decree in 1936.

19. English

This course provides an insight into culture, ethnography, social structures of life and institutions. Course also teaches the skills of applied English language studies such as applied linguistics, writing/speech and dialogue studies. Aspirants learn to apply advanced skills in analysis and interpretation of how English language functions in real-life contexts. You develop skills/abilities in grammatical and textual competence needed for analysis of authentic language data and advance students' pragmatic competence with emphasis on English language.

 

20. Saraiki Language

Saraiki is a member of Lahnda branch of Indo-Aryan languages and spoken by about 17 million people mainly in central Pakistan provinces of Sindh and Punjab and in India as well, mainly in the state of Punjab. Saraiki is also known as Siraiki, Seraiki, Multani, Lahndi and Western Punjabi and is considered by some to be a dialect of Punjabi. In Pakistan Saraiki is written with a version of Perso-Arabic alphabet. Saraiki is studied in universities of Pakistan (Islamia University of Bahawalpur, department of Saraiki established in 1989, Allama Iqbal Open University in Islamabad, department of Pakistani languages established in 1998 and Bahauddin Zakariya University Multan, department of Saraiki established in 2006 by district governments of Bahawalpur and Multan and federal institutions of Government of Pakistan).

21. Brahui Language

Brahvi people are Pakistani ethnic group of about 2.2 million people with vast majority found in Baluchistan, Pakistan. Brahui (براہوئی‎‎) is a Dravidian language spoken by Brahui people in central Baluchistan region of Pakistan and Afghanistan and by expatriate Brahui communities in Qatar, United Arab Emirates, Iraq and Iran. It is isolated from the nearest Dravidian-speaking neighbor population of South India by distance of more than 1,500 kilometres. Kalat, Mastung Khuzdar and parts of Quetta districts of Baluchistan are predominantly Brahui-speaking. Brahui is only Dravidian language which has not been written in a Brahmi-based script, instead, it is written in Arabic script since second half of 20th century. More recently, a Roman-based orthography named Brolikva was developed by Brahui Language Board of the University of Baluchistan in Quetta and adopted by the newspaper Talar.

22. Persian Language

Persian language offers the opportunity to acquire acknowledge and skills in reading, writing, listening and speaking in Persian. Studying Persian opens an intriguing world for at least half of the world as the Persian saying goes. In the Muslim era, modern Persian has been the language of politics and literature that culturally connected Anatolia to Central Asia and Northern India. Once aspirants are able to read Persian, they have access to realms of Sufism where Persian produced rich body of literature from the poetry. Persian today includes Farsi, Dari and Tajiki dialects, spoken by more than 100 million people in Middle East (Iran), Central Asia (Tajikistan) and Indian Subcontinent (Afghanistan).

23. Hindi Language

Hindi is official and link language of multilingual India. Its homeland is in north of India, but it is the most widely spoken and understood language across India. Hindi is written in the Devanagari script which is also used for Sanskrit, Marathi and Nepali. Hindi has special relationship with Urdu because they have the same grammar and they share basic conversational vocabulary and expressions. Hindi has a rich literary tradition dated back to eleventh century. Modern literature is mostly written in modern standard Hindi that has developed from Khari Boli, a dialect of Hindi spoken around Delhi and Meerut. Hindi literature consists of all genres such as poetry, drama, short stories, novels and essays. Film music has almost become an identity shawl for overseas Indians, many of whom love to sing and dance at the tunes of Hindi songs on Indian cultural and national holidays.

24. Bangla Language

Bangla is an Indo-Aryan language belongs to Indo-European language family. It is the official language of Bangladesh and regional language of India in state of West Bengal. Bangla is sixth most spoken language in world with 250 million speakers. The national anthems of both India and Bangladesh were composed in Bangla by the same Bengali poet, Nobel Laureate Rabindranath Tagore. Bengali language possesses its literature, music, grammar and culture. West and East Bengal dialects are mutually intelligible.

25. German Language

German Language course provides basics of conversation by talking and listening with 120 million speakers in over 20 countries. Course introduces students to pronunciation of words and use of phrases and sentences. The course introduces with alphabet, numbers, words and basics of conversation on German. The course teaches letters in German alphabet use basic phrases and numbers and construct sentence in German.

In politics and economy, Germany is important partner in international business. The German companies in foreign countries are as important as Germany itself as country of importation and exportation. Especially in Europe, it has a strong position concerning economy and politics.

Study German language provides important chances in job market. First at companies which work together with German ones, second the outposts of German companies in other countries and third the German companies in Germany. They employers can be impressed with German speaking skills.

For Europeans it is a special skill and important to learn German. The aspirants who decide to study in Germany not only benefit from high quality of educational system. For those who want to study in Germany, it is necessary to have basic skills in the German language. It is important to understand the lectures and literature to pass exams in end of term.

26. French Language

French studies provide intellectual, linguistic and cultural contributions of French-speaking regions of the world. Aspirants also specialized in anthropology, creative writing, cultural studies, history of ideas, gender studies, postcolonial studies, poststructuralist thought, second language acquisition and translation periods from 16th to 21st centuries.

 

 

(3)      Social Sciences

Social science is a major category of academics, concerned with society and relationships among individuals within the society. It has branches and each is considered as ‘Social Science’. A detailed list of sub-disciplines within social sciences can be found at outline of social science.

1. Mass Communication

Mass communication is the study of how people exchange information through mass media to large segments of population at same time. It is related to newspaper, magazine and book publishing, as well as radio, television and film even via internet because these mediums are used for disseminating information, news and advertising. The study of mass communication is concerned with how content of mass communication persuades and affects behavior, attitude, opinion or emotion of person or people receiving the information.

2. Sociology

Sociology is study of social behavior, origins, development, organization and institutions. It uses methods of empirical investigation and analysis to develop knowledge about social order and change. Sociologists conduct research which are applied directly to social policy and welfare while others focus primarily on refining the theoretical understanding of social processes.

The traditional focus of sociology includes social stratification, social class, social mobility, religion, secularization, law and deviance. Its focuses health, medical, military and penal institutions, the internet, education, social capital and role of social activity in development of scientific knowledge.

3. Development Study

Development study is a multidisciplinary branch of social science. It has grown in popularity as a subject of study since early 1990s and has been most widely taught and researched in the third world and in countries with a colonial history such as UK where development study originated. Aspirants of development study progress in international organizations such as United Nations, World Bank, non-government organizations, private development sector, consultancy firms, corporate social responsibility bodies and research centers.

4. Psychology

Psychology is the science of behavior and mind embracing all aspects of conscious and unconscious experience as well as thought. A professional practitioner or researcher is called a psychologist and classified as social, behavioral or cognitive scientist. Psychology strives to understand the role of mental functions in individual and social behavior while exploring physiological and biological processes that underlie cognitive functions and behaviors. Psychology explores behavior and mental processes including perception, cognition, attention, emotion, intelligence, phenomenology, motivation, brain functioning and personality. Psychology is described as "hub science" with psychological findings linking to research and perspectives from social sciences, natural sciences, medicine, humanities and philosophy.

5. International Relations

International relation is an academic discipline that focuses on study of interaction of actors in international politics including states and non-state actors such as United Nations (UN), International Monetary Fund (IMF), World Bank and Amnesty International. International relations attempts to explain the interactions of states in global interstate system and interactions of others whose behavior originates within one country and is targeted toward other countries. IR provides knowledge and skills to understand relations between nations, internal workings of countries and role of non-governmental representatives in world affairs. It studies relationships between political entities such as states, sovereign states, empires, inter-governmental organizations (IGOs), international non-governmental organizations (INs), non-governmental organizations (NGOs) and multinational corporations (MNCs) and wider world-systems produced by this interaction. It is drawn from fields of technology and engineering, economics, communication studies, history, international law, demography, philosophy, geography, social work, sociology, anthropology, criminology, psychology, gender studies, cultural studies, culturology and diplomacy. The scope of international relations comprehends globalization, diplomatic relations, state sovereignty, international security, ecological sustainability, nuclear proliferation, nationalism, economic development, global finance, terrorism, organized crime, human security, foreign interventionism and human rights as well as comparative religion.

6. Political Science

Political science focuses on theory and practice of government and politics at local, state, national and international levels. Aspirants develop understandings of institutions, practices and relations constitute public life and modes of inquiry that promote citizenship. It focuses on group power of collective decision-making by leading to consider the ethics of power which in turn involves conceptions of community, identity, justice and citizenship. Under subject of political science aspirants gather study of democracy, war, law, rights, wealth and authority. Political science strives to cultivate the habits and skills of clear thought, rigorous analysis and effective argumentation in writing and speech. Students holding degree in political sciences may have diverse range of job opportunities in public, private or non-profit private sectors like in education, law, business, politics, government, communications or journalism.

7. Philosophy

Philosophy (Love of Wisdom) is study of fundamental problems concerning matters such as existence, knowledge, values, reason, mind and language. Historically, philosophy encompassed body of knowledge from Ancient Greek philosopher Aristotle to 19th century. "Natural philosophy" including astronomy, medicine and physics. Philosophical methods include questioning, critical discussion, rational argument and systematic presentation. Since 20th century, professional philosophers contribute to society primarily as professors, researchers and writers.

8. Gender Study

Gender study is interdisciplinary study devoted to gender identity and gendered representation as central categories of analysis includes women's studies concerning women, feminism, gender, politics and men's studies and queer studies. This discipline studies gender in fields of literature, language, geography, history, political science, sociology, anthropology, cinema, media studies, human development, law and medicine. It also analyses how race, ethnicity, location, class, nationality, and disability intersect with the categories of gender.

9. Diplomacy & Strategic Study

It is interdisciplinary academic field cantered on study of conflict and peace strategies devoted to relationship between international politics, geostrategic, international diplomacy, international economics and military power. This program prepares for careers in Foreign Service, embassies, federal ministries, non-government organizations and international organizations.

10. Criminology & Forensic

Forensic science and criminology study issues of crime and criminal behavior with scientific viewpoint, but two disciplines are quite different. Criminology is scientific study of management, causes, control, consequences and prevention of criminal behavior both on individual and social levels. It is drawing from research of sociologists, psychologists, philosophers, psychiatrists, social anthropologists and scholars of law whereas criminology includes examination of evidence, psychological causes of crime and modes of investigation and efficiencies of differing styles of punishment, rehabilitation and corrections.

11. Government & Public Policy

Based on national constitutional laws, public policy guides actions taken by administrative branches of state. It works to solve problems, provide justice, supports governmental institutions and encourages active citizenship. It includes elements of economics, sociology, political economy, program evaluation, policy analysis and public management.

(4)      Pure Sciences

Pure science yields theories and predictions in natural science i.e. chemistry, biology, geology and physics as well as in empirical sciences such as cognitive and behavioral sciences.

1. Physics

Physics “knowledge of nature” is natural science that involves the study of matter and its motion through space and time along with energy and force. Physics is one of the oldest disciplines through its inclusion of astronomy and a part of natural philosophy along with chemistry, biology and certain branches of mathematics. Physics intersects with many interdisciplinary areas of research such as biophysics and quantum chemistry. It contributes in electromagnetism that lead to development of television, computers and nuclear weapons and in thermodynamics that lead to development of industrialization and mechanics.

2. Chemistry

Chemistry is a branch of pure sciences studies composition, structure, properties and change of matter. It includes topics properties of individual atoms, how atoms form chemical bonds to create chemical compounds, interactions of substances through intermolecular forces that give matter its general properties and interactions between substances through chemical reactions to form different substances.

Geologists who want to locate new mineral and oil deposits use chemical techniques to analyze and identify rock samples. Oceanographers use chemistry to track ocean currents, determine the flux of nutrients into sea and measure the rate of exchange of nutrients between ocean layers.

Engineers consider relationships between structures and properties of substances.

Physicists take advantage of properties of substances to detect new sub-atomic particles. Astronomers use chemical signatures to determine age and distance of stars.

 

3. Biology

Biology is a natural science concerned with the study of life and living organisms including their structure, function, growth, evolution, distribution, identification and taxonomy. Modern biology recognizes the cell as basic unit of life, genes as basic unit of heredity and evolution as engine that propels synthesis and creation of new species.

Biochemistry examines basic chemistry of life, molecular biology studies interactions among biological molecules, botany studies biology of plants, cellular biology examines basic building-block of all life.

Physiology examines physical and chemical functions of tissues, organs and organ systems of organism, evolutionary biology examines processes that produce the diversity of life and ecology examines how organisms interact with environment.

 

 

(5)      Life Sciences

Life sciences focus on aspects common to life forms such as anatomy and genetics. It is helpful in improving the quality and standard of life and has applications in health, agriculture, medicine, pharmaceutical and food science industries.

1. Computer Sciences

Computer science is study of theory, experimentation and engineering forming the basis for designing and use of computers. It is practical approach to computation and its applications and systematic study of feasibility, structure, expression and mechanization of methodical procedures (algorithms) that underlie the acquisition, representation, processing, storage, communication and access to information. It can be divided into computational complexity, computer graphics, real-world visual applications and implementing computation.

2. Economics

Economics deals with description and analysis of production, distribution and consumption of goods and services. Positive economics describes normative economics, applied economics, behavioral economics, mainstream economics and heterodox economics. Economic analysis can be applied throughout society as in business, finance, health care and government. Economic analyses can be applied to crime, education, family, law, politics, religion, social institutions, war, science, and environment. Microeconomics examines behavior of basic elements in economy including individual agents and markets, their interactions and outcomes of interactions. Individual agents include households, firms, buyers and sellers. Macroeconomics analyses the entire economy meaning aggregated production, consumption, savings and investment and issues affecting it including unemployment of resources like labour, capital, and land, inflation, economic growth and the public policies that address these issues (monetary, fiscal & policies).

 

 

3. Forestry

Forestry is science, art, practice of understanding, managing and using wisely the natural resources associated with derived from forest lands. These resources include timber, water, fish, wildlife, soil, plants and recreation. According to widely used Food and Agriculture Organization definition, forests covered four billion hectares (15 million square miles) or approximately 30 per cent of world's land area in 2006. Forestry combines elements of ecology, biology, environmental science, public policy and economics to address issues from combating global climate change and invasive species to providing forest products and wildlife habitats. Forestry career path includes forest biologists, professional foresters, wood engineers, forestry business administrators, conservationists and renewable resource managers. Forests account for 75% of gross primary productivity of Earth's biosphere and contain 80% of Earth's plant biomass.

4. Agriculture

Pakistan's principal natural resources are land and water. About 25% of Pakistan's agriculture accounts for about 21% of gross domestic product (GDP) and employs about 43% of the labor force. In Pakistan, most agricultural province is Punjab where wheat and cotton are the most grown. Mango orchards are mostly found in Sindh and Punjab provinces that make Pakistan world's 4th largest producer of mangoes. Agricultural products can be broadly grouped into foods, fibers, fuels and raw materials. Specific foods include cereals (grains), vegetables, fruits, oils, meats and spices. Fibers include cotton, wool, hemp, silk and flax. Raw materials include lumber and bamboo.

5. Community Health & Nutrition

Public health & nutrition designs programs, systems, policies and environments aiming to improve and maintain optimal health of populations. It encompasses individual and interpersonal interventions that create changes in knowledge, attitudes and behavior and health outcomes among individuals, families and within community setting.

6. Statistics

Statistics deals with collection, analysis, interpretation, presentation and organization of data. In applying statistics to scientific, industrial or social problem, it is conventional to begin with statistical model process. Two main statistical divisions are used in data analysis: descriptive statistics which summarizes data and inferential statistics which draws conclusions from data. Statistics pertains to collection, analysis, interpretation, explanation and presentation of data. While scientific investigations make use of data, statistics is concerned with use of data in context of uncertainty and decision making in the face of uncertainty.

7. Live Stock

Livestock is domesticated animals to produce food, fiber and labor. Its production plays major economic and cultural role in numerous rural communities. Livestock includes cattle, sheep, goats, swine, poultry (Including egg-producing poultry), equine animals used for production of food, fish used for food and other animals. It is with national Gross Domestic Product (GDP) contribution of 10.7% and 49.5% to agriculture value added. It also contributes towards national exports and 8.5% to 9.0% of total exports belong to this sector. It is raised by more than 6.5 million small and landless families in rural areas constituting their main livelihood source. Pakistan is gifted with large livestock population well adapted to local environmental conditions. The demand of livestock products is increasing due to population growth, urbanization and economic development in country.

8. Rural Development

In developing countries, food security and rural development are on-going challenges. Rural development is only way to provide people in rural areas access to land, water, advances and training. In cooperation with academic institutions and private sector, strategies are developed for increasing production and income in rural areas. It is important to develop rural infrastructure and create access to markets which secures opportunities for life in rural areas, offering long-term success through sustainable strategies. Rural development programs are usually top-down from local or regional authorities, regional development agencies, non-governmental organizations (NGOs), national governments or international development organizations.

9. Law

Law is rules system enforced through social or governmental institutions to regulate behavior which helps ensuring that community shows respect and equality amongst themselves. Law shapes politics, economics, history and society in various ways and serves as mediator of relations between people. Historically, religious laws played a significant role even in settling of secular matters which is still case in religious communities.

The adjudication of law is divided into two main areas 1) Criminal Law and 2) Civil Law. Criminal law deals with conduct that is considered harmful to social order and in which the guilty party is imprisoned or fined. Civil law deals with the resolution of disputes between individuals or organizations.

10. Geology

Geology is science of earth concerned with solid Earth, rocks of which it is composed and processes by which they change over time. It studies solid features of terrestrial planet such as geology of the Moon or Mars. It gives insight into the history of Earth by providing primary evidence for plate tectonics, evolutionary history of life and past climates. It is important for mineral and hydrocarbon exploration and exploitation, evaluating water resources, understanding of natural hazards, remediation of environmental problems and for providing insights into past climate change.

11. Mathematics

Mathematics is study of quantity, structure, space and change. Mathematicians find patterns and use them to formulate new conjectures to resolve the truth or falsity of conjectures through mathematical proof. Through use of abstraction and logic, mathematics developed from counting, calculation, measurement and systematic study of shapes and motions of physical objects.

12. Meteorology

Meteorology is interdisciplinary scientific study of atmosphere focuses on weather forecasting. Meteorology, climatology, atmospheric physics and atmospheric chemistry are sub-disciplines of atmospheric sciences. It is described and quantified by variables of Earth's atmosphere: temperature, air pressure, water vapor, mass flow and variations and interactions of those variables. Spatial scales are used to describe and predict weather on local, regional, and global levels.

13. Earth Science

Earth science or geoscience is widely embraced term for fields of science related to the planet Earth. Earth sciences include the study of geology, lithosphere and large scale structure of Earth's interior as well as atmosphere, hydrosphere and biosphere. Major sub-disciplines are mineralogy, petrology, geochemistry, geomorphology, paleontology, stratigraphy, structural geology, engineering geology and sedimentology. Geophysicists explore Earth's core and tectonic and seismic activity of lithosphere. Geophysics is commonly used to supplement work of geologists in developing comprehensive understanding of crustal geology, particularly in mineral and petroleum exploration.

14. Geography

Geography is study of lands, features, inhabitants and phenomena of Earth. It is encompassing discipline that seeks an understanding of Earth and its human and natural complexities. It is defined in two branches of human geography and physical geography. Four historical traditions in geographical research are: spatial analyses of natural and human phenomena, area studies of places and regions, studies of human-land relationships and Earth sciences. Geographers study the space and temporal database distribution of phenomena, processes and features and interaction of humans and their environment.

15. Space Science

Space science/space exploration is also called astronautics focuses on physics, chemistry, biology and engineering. Space science probes travel to Moon and planets. The Apollo moon landings, space shuttle, Skylab, Mir and International space stations are outstanding examples of space science. The problems that space science deals include prediction and control of trajectories, orbits and telecommunications between spacecraft and earth, spacecraft design and fabrication and life-support systems for human spaceflight. Space science includes astronomy, astrometry, amateur astronomy, astrophysics, space plasma physics, orbital mechanics/astrodynamics, stellar astronomy, solar astronomy, planetary science, galactic astronomy, extragalactic astronomy, physical cosmology, aerospace engineering, astronautics and aeronautics.

16. Physical Education/Sports Science

Sports science, also called physical education science, studies how healthy human body works during exercise and how sports and physical activities promote health and performance from cellular to whole body perspectives. The study of sports science traditionally incorporates areas of physiology (Exercise Physiology), psychology (Sports Psychology), anatomy, biomechanics, biochemistry and bio-kinetics. Opportunities for graduates in field employment as physical education teacher, dietician or nutritionist, performance analyst, sports coach, sports therapist, fitness center manager, sports administrator, strength and conditioning specialist or retail manager of a sports store. Graduates may also be well positioned to undertake further training to become an accredited Physiotherapist, Exercise Physiologist, Research Scientist and Sports Medical Doctor. Jobs are available with a range of organisations in public, private and not-for-profit sectors including: Professional sports clubs, national sporting associations, governing bodies, private health and fitness clubs, spas and public sports and recreation facilities, local authorities, education and higher education institutions, health sector and National Health Service.

17. Horticulture

Horticulture is science of producing, improving, marketing and using fruits, vegetables, flowers and ornamental plants. It differs from botany and other plant sciences as horticulture incorporates both science and aesthetics. It has impacts on lives by providing fruits and vegetables, offering visual enjoyment and promoting recreational activities. It includes cultivation of medicinal plants, fruits, vegetables, nuts, seeds, herbs, sprouts, mushrooms, algae, flowers, seaweeds and non-food crops such as grass and ornamental trees and plants.

18. Plant Breeding & Genetics

Plant breeding & genetics is a science of changing traits of plants in order to produce desired characteristics. It is practiced worldwide by farmers, professional plant breeders, government institutions, universities, crop-specific industry associations and research centers for thousands of years since near the beginning of human civilization.

19. Plant Pathology

Plant pathology (Phytopathology) is scientific study of diseases in plants caused by pathogens (Infectious Organisms) and environmental conditions (Physiological Factors). Organisms cause infectious disease include fungi, oomycetes, bacteria, viruses, viroid, virus-like organisms, phytoplasmas, protozoa, nematodes and parasitic plants. It also involves study of pathogen identification, disease etiology, disease cycles, economic impact, plant disease epidemiology, plant disease resistance, how plant diseases affect humans and animals, pathosystem genetics and management of plant diseases.

20. Soil Science

Soil science is study of soil as a natural resource on surface of the Earth including soil formation, classification, mapping, physical, chemical, biological and fertility properties of soil. Engineers, agronomists, chemists, geologists, physical geographers, ecologists, biologists, microbiologists, sylviculturists, sanitarians and archaeologists in regional planning contribute to knowledge of soils and advancement of soil science. Students of soil science learn to identify, interpret and manage soils for agriculture, forestry, rangeland, ecosystems, urban uses, mining and reclamation.

21. Agronomy

Agronomy is science and technology of producing and using plants for food, fuel, fiber and land reclamation. It has come to encompass work in areas of plant genetics, plant physiology, meteorology and soil science. It is a combination of biology, chemistry, economics, ecology, earth science and genetics. Agronomists are professional practitioners, educators and advisers who work with farmers and companies to implement the latest methods and tools for growing crops profitably and sustainably. They play critical roles in issues of global concern, including food and water security, air quality and climate change, soil and water conservation, rural communities and economic growth, health and nutrition, wildlife habitat in agriculture and other areas of public concern.

22. Entomology

Entomology is scientific study of insects, a branch of zoology. In past the term "insect" included study of terrestrial animals in other arthropod groups or other phyla like arachnids, myriapods, earthworms, land snails and slugs. It studies genetics, behavior, biomechanics, biochemistry, physiology, developmental biology, ecology, morphology and paleontology of insects. At 1.3 million described species, insects account for more than two-thirds of all known organisms. It plays part in criminal investigation and incorporates arthropods that affect human health.

23. Anthropology

Anthropology is study of human, a broad approach to understanding different aspects of human experience which we call holism by focusing on past through archaeology to see how human groups lived thousands of years ago and what was important to them. It also emphasizes what makes up biological bodies and genetics as well as bones, diet and health. Anthropologists study how groups of people have social relationships and get, prepare and share food. They work in their own societies looking at economics, health, education, law and policy. When trying to understand these complex issues, they keep in mind what they know about biology, culture, types of communication and how humans lived in the past.

Anthropologists are employed in colleges, universities, government agencies, non-government organizations (NGOs), businesses, health and human services departments. They contribute to interdisciplinary fields such as international studies and ethnic and gender studies. Outside the university, anthropologists work in government agencies, private businesses, community organizations, museums, independent research institutes, service organizations, media and others work as independent consultants and research staff for agencies such as Centres for Disease Control, UNESCO, World Health Organization and World Bank. Their work involves building research partnerships, assessing economic needs, evaluating policies, developing new educational programs, recording little-known community histories, providing health services, and social activities. They also address social and cultural consequences of natural disasters, equitable access to limited resources and human rights at the global level.

24. Human Genetics

Human genetics studies inheritance in human. It encompasses classical genetics, cytogenetic, molecular genetics, biochemical genetics, genomics, population genetics, developmental genetics, clinical genetics and genetic counselling. Study of human genetics can be useful as it can answer the questions about human nature, understand diseases and development of effective disease treatment and understand genetics of human life.

25. Physiology

Physiology is scientific study of normal mechanism and their interactions which run within living system focusing on how organisms, organ systems, organs, cells and biomolecules carry out chemical and physical functions that exist in living system. It is divided into animal physiology, human physiology, plant physiology, cellular physiology, microbial physiology, bacterial physiology and viral physiology. It is integrated natural disciplines such as chemistry and physics, coordinated homeostatic control mechanisms and continuous communication between cells.

26. Archaeology

Archaeology is study of human activity through the recovery and analysis of material culture. The archaeological record consists of artefacts, architecture, bio-facts or eco-facts and cultural landscapes. Archaeology is considered a sub-field of anthropology. It is a field distinct from the discipline of paleontology, the study of fossil remains and is particularly important for learning about pre-historic societies, for whom there may be no written records to study. Pre-history includes over 99% of the human past, from the Paleolithic until the advent of literacy in societies across the world. It has various goals range from understanding culture history to reconstructing past life ways to documenting and explaining changes in human societies through time.

27. Population Science

Population Science is research discipline studies transitional impact on public health and clinical practice through the reduction in disease risk, incidence and death as well as improved quality of life for individuals. Health outcomes span physical, mental, behavioral and social health domains enhancing understanding of health. Population Science comes from Public Health, Medicine, Pharmacy, Economics, Demography and Urban Planning.

28. Animal Science

Animal science studies biology of animals. Historically, degree was called animal husbandry and animals studied were livestock species, like cattle, sheep, pigs, poultry, and horses. Today, courses include companion animals like dogs and cats and many interesting species. It prepares aspirants for career opportunities in animal breeding, food and fiber production, nutrition, animal agribusiness, animal behavior and welfare.

29. Animal Breeding & Genetics

Animal breeding & genetics is study of quantitative genetics including molecular genetics, immunogenetics and bioinformatics. It provides new scientific discoveries to age-old livestock production problems to help producers and consumers. It also addresses evaluation of genetic, value of livestock and selection for breeding animals with superior in growth rate, egg, meat, milk, wool production and with other desirable traits. It incorporates population genetics, quantitative genetics, statistics and molecular genomics.

30. Poultry Science

Poultry are domesticated birds kept by humans for eggs they produce, their meat and their feathers. It also includes other birds that are slaughtered for their meat such as pigeons. It is the second most widely eaten type of meat globally and, along with eggs, provides nutritionally beneficial food containing high-quality protein accompanied by a low proportion of fat. It is also involved in basic biological research on genetics biochemistry and diseases. Poultry science concentrates on linking the scientific, economic and production areas of raising poultry. Courses in these programs include poultry judging, poultry anatomy, physiology, genetics, avian reproduction, nutrition and feed manufacturing. The degree in poultry science leads to serve in agribusiness, food science, nutrition, food production and veterinary medicine.

31. Crop Production

Crop production is a branch of agriculture deals with growing crops for use as food and fiber includes grains, cotton, tobacco, fruits, vegetables, nuts and plants. Educational programs are available at associates, bachelors, masters and doctoral degree levels. Coursework includes harvesting, soil management, pest management, safety, plant structure, crop science, horticulture, plant genetics and marketing. Crop production can lead to careers in the field like Agricultural Science, Viticulture, Farming Science Programs and Agronomy.

32. Crop Protection

Crop protection is science of managing crops’ diseases, weeds and other pests that damage agricultural crops and forestry. Agricultural crops include field crops (Maize, Wheat & Rice e), vegetable crops (Potatoes & Cabbages) and fruits. It encompasses Pesticide-based approaches such as herbicides, insecticides and fungicides, Biological pest control approaches such as cover crops, trap crops and beetle banks, Barrier-based approaches such as agro-textiles and bird netting, Animal psychology-based approaches such as bird scarers and Biotechnology-based approaches such as plant breeding and genetic modification.

33. Plant Science

Plant science studies plant diversity, ecology, structure, reproduction and evolution with emphasis on flowering plants and history of life on earth. It studies plant growth, reproduction, evolution and adaptation as well as use of plants for food, fiber and ornamental purposes focusing on producing enough food for growing world population, breeding plants to tolerate heat and drought caused by climate change, developing sustainable cropping practices to produce healthful and nutritious food, investigating new methods to fight plant diseases, restoring damaged ecosystems to better support those who live there and conserving species for future generations.

34. Renewable Energy

Renewable energy is collected from renewable resources which are naturally replenished on a human timescale such as sunlight, wind, rain, tides, waves and geothermal heat. It provides energy in four areas 1) electricity generation, 2) air and water heating/cooling, 3) transportation and 4) rural (off-grid) energy services. Worldwide investments in renewable energy amounted to more than 286 billion US dollars in 2015 with countries like China and United States heavily investing in wind, hydro, solar and biofuels. Globally, there are an estimated 7.7 million jobs associated with the renewable energy industries.

 

35      Mineralogy

Mineralogy is scientific study of chemistry, crystal structure and physical properties of minerals and mineralized artefacts. Specific studies within mineralogy includes process of mineral origin, classification of minerals and their geographical distribution as well as utilization. Mineralogists study minerals including solid substances, minerals of economic value such as metals like copper, aluminum, iron, gypsum and clays. They also study rocks and gems including their chemical and crystalline structures. They perform chemical tests on samples to identify them or determine their properties. They analyses, interpret and report mineralogical data.

36. Peace & Conflict

Peace & conflict studies, identifies and analyses violent and non-violent behaviors with a view towards understanding processes which leads to more desirable human condition. Disciplines include philosophy, political science, geography, economics, psychology, sociology, international relations, history, anthropology, religious studies and gender studies. The aspect of religion, war and peace are evaluated when conflicts are to be analyzed and solved as religious dimensions play a central role in people´s actions and comprehensions.

37. Biostatistics

Biostatistics is branch of statistics responsible for interpretation of scientific data generated in biology, public health and other health sciences. It encompasses design of biological experiments in medicine, pharmacy, agriculture and fishery that is exclusively concerned with medicine and health. It focuses on development of statistical methods for biomedical research involving HIV/AIDS, heart and lung disease, cancer, neuroimaging and other clinical disciplines.

38. Environmental Science

Environmental science studies environmental parameters when devising plans, programs, policies, buildings and products. It has implications for industrial design of products, innovative automobiles, wind-electricity generators, solar-electric equipment and other kinds of equipment. Coursework includes basics of design, landscape planning, rural & urban development, ecology & hydrologic systems and water movement.

39. Integrated Mountain Research

The study of mountains is interdisciplinary study of physical, chemical, geological and biological aspects of mountain regions and the study of lifestyles and economic concerns of people living in these regions. It is a research concentrates on Earth's surface's part covered by mountain landscapes focusing on mountains, their description and explanation of human-environment interaction and sustainable development of these areas.

 

 

(6)      ENGINEERING

Engineering is the application of mathematics, scientific, economic and practical knowledge in order to invent, innovate, design, build, maintain, research and improve structures, machines, tools, systems, components, materials, processes, solutions and organizations. The discipline of engineering is extremely broad and encompasses a range of specialized fields of engineering each with a more specific emphasis on particular areas of applied science, technology and types of application.

1. Mechanical Engineering

Mechanical engineering applies principles of engineering, physics and materials science for designing, analysis, manufacturing and maintenance of mechanical systems. It involves design, production and operation of machinery. It requires understanding of mechanics, kinematics, thermodynamics, materials science, structural analysis and electricity. Mechanical engineers design manufacturing plants, industrial equipment, machinery, heating & cooling systems, transport systems, aircraft, watercraft, robotics, medical devices and weapons.

2. Mechatronics

Mechatronics studies combination of mechanical engineering, electronics, computer engineering, telecommunications engineering, system engineering and control engineering to create more functional and adaptable products. Mechatronic or smart devices have become common in our technologically advanced society. Mechatronics engineers work in any company that develops and designs or manufactures and markets "smart" devices. Mechatronic devices have crept into everyday life. Mechatronic devices can be found in medicine and surgery, agriculture, buildings, homes, automobiles, toy and entertainment industry, intelligent aids for elderly and disabled.

3. Electrical Engineering

Electrical engineering deals with study and application of electricity, electronics and electromagnetism and subdivided into a wide range of subfields including electronics, digital computers, power engineering, telecommunications, control systems, radio-frequency engineering, signal processing, instrumentation and microelectronics. Electrical engineers hold degree in electrical engineering or electronic engineering. Practicing engineers have professional certification and are members of a professional body. Such bodies include Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) and Institution of Engineering and Technology (Professional Society) (IET).

4. Aerospace Engineering

Aerospace engineering is concerned with development of aircraft and spacecraft and has two major and overlapping branches: 1) aeronautical engineering and 2) astronautical engineering. Avionics engineering deals with electrical side of aerospace engineering, aeronautical engineering is considered as original term for this field. Aerospace engineering is referred to as “rocket science”.

5. Avionics Engineering

Avionics are electronic systems used in aircraft, artificial satellites and spacecraft. Avionic systems include communications, navigation, display and management of systems that fit to aircraft to perform individual functions. They may have implementation of Artificial Intelligence paradigms and development of new software-based controls for autonomous systems. It is a sub-discipline of Aeronautical Engineering. Students are provided exposure in the areas of electronics, aviation systems, communications, microwave, radar, antenna, guidance, navigation and controls. In addition, relevant interdisciplinary subjects from the fields of management sciences, Industrial Engineering and aerospace engineering are also blended into the avionics engineering program to ensure preparation of graduates for the multi-disciplinary nature of Aviation Electronics.

6. Telecom/Networking Engineering

Telecommunications or telecoms engineering is discipline centered on electrical and computer engineering seeks to support and enhance telecommunication system. The work ranges from basic circuit design to strategic mass developments. A telecommunication engineer is responsible for designing and overseeing the installation of telecommunications equipment and facilities i.e. complex electronic switching systems, copper wire telephone facilities, optical fiber cabling, internet protocols data systems and terrestrial radio link systems.

7. Software Engineering

Software engineering (SE) is the application of engineering to the development of software in systematic method. A software engineer is a person who applies principles of software engineering to the design, development, maintenance, testing and evaluation of software and system that make computers containing software work. Aspirants find software engineering in two contexts 1) computer science programs offering one or more software engineering courses as elements of computer science curriculum and 2) in separate software engineering programs. Both computer science and software engineering require a foundation in programming fundamentals and basic computer science theory.

8. Architectural Engineering

Architectural engineering is a result of rapid technology advancement of industrial revolution. It is also known as building engineering and is application of engineering principles and technology to building design and construction. It combines the principles of design and engineering to create usable buildings. It applies mathematics and science to problem solving. Architectural engineers specialize in construction of buildings. They often work on-site with a team of engineers, architects and construction workers. Most architectural engineering jobs require a bachelor's degree from an accredited program, but students seeking research and development positions may need to earn a graduate degree. Aspiring architectural engineers must pass two exams and gain the required work experience to become licensed professional engineers.

9. Computer Engineering

Computer engineering integrates electrical engineering and computer science to develop computer hardware and software. They work for writing software and firmware for embedded microcontrollers, designing chips, designing analogue sensors, designing mixed signal circuit boards, designing operating systems and robotics research which relies on using digital systems to control and monitor electrical systems like motors, communications and sensors.

 

 

10. Civil Engineering

Civil engineering deals with the design, construction and maintenance of physical and naturally built environment including works like roads, bridges, canals, dams and buildings. It is divided into a number of sub-disciplines. A civil engineer practices civil engineering; application of planning, designing, constructing, maintaining and operating infrastructures.

11. Chemical Engineering

Chemical engineering applies physical sciences (Physics & Chemistry), life sciences (Microbiology & Biochemistry) together with applied mathematics and economics to produce, transform, transport and properly use chemicals, materials and energy. A chemical engineer designs large-scale processes that convert chemicals, raw materials, living cells, microorganisms and energy into useful forms and products. He applies and uses principles of chemical engineering include 1) design, manufacture and operation of plants and machinery in industrial chemical and related processes, 2) development of substances for products ranging from foods and beverages to cosmetics to cleaners to pharmaceutical ingredients, among many other products and 3) development of new technologies such as fuel cells, hydrogen power and nanotechnology as well as working in fields derived from chemical engineering.

12. Petroleum & Gas Engineering

Petroleum engineering is concerned with the activities related to the production of hydrocarbons which can be either simple oil or natural gas. Petroleum engineering focuses on maximizing economic recovery of hydrocarbons from subsurface reservoirs and estimation of recoverable volume of this resource using a detailed understanding of the physical behavior of oil, water and gas within porous rock at high pressure. Geologists and petroleum engineers determine the way in which a reservoir is developed, depleted and have impact on economics. Petroleum engineering requires a good knowledge of geophysics, petroleum geology, formation evaluation, drilling, economics, reservoir simulation, reservoir engineering and well engineering.

 

 

13. Industrial Engineering

Industrial engineering deals with the optimization of complex processes, systems or organizations. Industrial engineers work to eliminate waste of time, money, materials, man-hours, machine time, energy and other resources that do not generate value. According to the Institute of Industrial and Systems Engineers, they figure out how to do things better, engineering processes and systems that improve quality and productivity. Industrial engineering is concerned with the development, improvement, and implementation of integrated systems of people, money, knowledge, information, equipment, energy, materials, analysis and synthesis, as well as the mathematical, physical and social sciences together with the principles and methods of engineering design to specify, predict, and evaluate the results to be obtained from such systems or processes. While industrial engineering is a longstanding engineering discipline subject to (and eligible for) professional engineering licensure in most jurisdictions, its underlying concepts overlap considerably with certain business-oriented disciplines such as operations management.

14. Textile Engineering

Textile manufacturing is a major industry. It is based on the conversion of fibre into yarn, yarn into fabric. These are then dyed or printed, fabricated into clothes. Different types of fibres are used to produce yarn. Cotton remains the most important natural fibres, so is treated in depth. There are many variable processes available at the spinning and fabric-forming stages coupled with the complexities of the finishing and colouration processes to the production of a wide range of products. There remains a large industry that uses hand techniques to achieve the same results.

15. Geological Engineering

Engineering geology is the application of the geology to engineering study for the purpose of assuring that the geological factors regarding the location, design, construction, operation and maintenance of engineering works are recognized and accounted for. Engineering geologists provide geological and geotechnical recommendations, analysis, and design associated with human development and various types of structures. The realm of the engineering geologist is essentially in the area of earth-structure interactions, or investigation of how the earth or earth processes impact human made structures and human activities.

16. Earth Quake Engineering

Earthquake engineering is an interdisciplinary branch of engineering that designs and analyses structures, such as buildings and bridges, with earthquakes in mind. Its overall goal is to make such structures more resistant to earthquakes. An earthquake or seismic engineer aims to construct structures that will not be damaged in minor shaking and will avoid serious damage or collapse in a major earthquake. Earthquake engineering is the scientific field concerned with protecting society, the natural environment, and the man-made environment from earthquakes by limiting the seismic risk to socio-economically acceptable levels. Traditionally, it has been narrowly defined as the study of the behavior of structures and geo-structures subject to seismic loading; it is considered as a subset of structural engineering, geotechnical engineering, mechanical engineering, chemical engineering, applied physics, etc. However, the tremendous costs experienced in recent earthquakes have led to an expansion of its scope to encompass disciplines from the wider field of civil engineering, mechanical engineering and from the social sciences, especially sociology, political science, economics and finance. A properly engineered structure does not necessarily have to be extremely strong or expensive. It has to be properly designed to withstand the seismic effects while sustaining an acceptable level of damage.

17. Automotive & Marine Engineering

In marine program, aspirants have opportunity to learn about marine systems, controls and equipment through lab work and class instruction. Students may also get to work with oceanographers aboard water vessels as part of their study. Those interested in marine may begin their education by enrolling in an associate's degree program. Students looking to pursue a deeper level of skill in the construction and design of water vessels can pursue a bachelor's degree which is available in universities. Prerequisites for these programs include a high school certificate or its equivalent. Associate degree takes two years to complete while bachelor degree program takes four years. Some online courses and programs in marine technology are available.

Marine degree programs provide an overview of aquatic transportation, equipment and machinery. To become skilled in marine engineering, students may participate in motor and electricity labs and receive guidance on how to inspect boats, ships and watercrafts. These programs are available at technology institutes, vocational schools and community colleges. Coursework may combine traditional and modern occupational, mechanical and technical marine instruction. Studies usually include professional research and writing, social speaking and general studies like algebra, trigonometry, history and literature.

18. Nuclear Engineering

Nuclear Engineering prepares aspirants for career in engineering of low-energy nuclear physics includes design, analysis and operation of radiation systems and their applications, such as fission reactors and accelerators, and biomedical uses. Nuclear engineering is the most integrated of the engineering disciplines. The components of nuclear systems (Medical Imaging, Nuclear Fission Reactors, Ultrasensitive Contraband Detectors & Fusion Reactors) must all be understood as well as how they relate to one another. The degree in nuclear science and engineering develops the fundamentals of nuclear processes their production, interactions, and radiation measurements. These studies bring the student all the way to the design phase of nuclear-based systems, stressing social, health, and energy and security impacts. Studies also incorporate computer methods, thermal-fluid engineering, and electronics critical tools for a nuclear engineering career.

A five-year program offers an opportunity to earn a Bachelor of Science and a Master of Science in Nuclear Engineering simultaneously. Beyond these studies, students can pursue a Ph.D. and work in research or as university professors. The basic Bachelor of Science degree in Nuclear Engineering develops practical skills through hands-on education. Laboratory courses cover radiation physics, measurement, and protection.

 

19. Machinery & Power Engineering

Energy engineering addresses the development of alternative sources of energy and conventional fossil fuels by incorporating elements of old fuel science with focus on renewable energy, agro-energy and professional electives on business, finance and management. The program prepares aspirants to be successful in advancing the technology and management of energy; innovators and entrepreneurs in the energy sector; and educators, practicing engineers and national leaders in the energy and associated environmental health and safety, policy and economic fields.

20. Aviation

Aviation or air transport refers to the activities surrounding mechanical flight and the aircraft industry. Aircraft includes fixed-wing and rotary-wing types, morphable wings, wing-less lifting bodies as well as lighter than air craft such as balloons and airships. General aviation includes all non-scheduled civil flying, both private and commercial. It may include business flights, air charter, private aviation, flight training, ballooning, parachuting, gliding, hang gliding, aerial photography, foot-launched powered hang gliders, air ambulance, crop dusting, charter flights, traffic reporting, police air patrols and forest fire fighting. Each country regulates aviation differently, but general aviation usually falls under different regulations depending on whether it is private or commercial and on the type of equipment involved. Many small aircraft manufacturers serve the general aviation market, with a focus on private aviation and flight training. The most important recent developments for small aircraft have been introduced the advanced avionics that were formerly found only in large airliners and the introduction of composite materials to make small aircraft lighter and faster.

21. Mining Engineering

Mining engineering applies science and technology to the extraction of minerals from earth. It is associated with other disciplines such as mineral processing, exploration, excavation, geology, metallurgy, geotechnical engineering and surveying. A mining engineer manages phases of mining operations from exploration and discovery of the mineral resource, through feasibility study, mine design, development of plans, production and operations to mine closure. With the process of mineral extraction, some amount of waste and uneconomic material are generated which are the primary source of pollution in the vicinity of mines. Mining activities by their nature cause a disturbance of the natural environment and around which the minerals are located. Mining engineers must therefore be concerned not only with the production and processing of mineral commodities, but also with the mitigation of damage to the environment both during and after mining as a result of the change in the mining area. Such industries go through stringent laws to control the pollution and damage caused to the environment and are periodically governed by the concerned departments.

22. Polymer Engineering

Polymer engineering studies the designs, analyses and modifies polymer materials covering the aspects of petrochemical industry, polymerization, structure & characterization of polymers, properties of polymers, compounding and processing of polymers and description of major polymers, structure property relations and applications. The history of human use of polymers has been long since the mid-19th century, when it entered the chemical modification of natural polymers, 1839 C. Goodyear has found a critical advance in the research of rubber vulcanization, which has turned natural rubber into a practical engineering material. In 1870, J. W. Hyatt uses camphor to plasticize nitrocellulose to make nitrocellulose plastics industrial. 1907 L. Baekeland reported the synthesis of the first thermosetting phenolic resin, which was industrialized in the 1920s, the first synthetic plastic product. In 1920, H. Standinger proposed that polymers are long-chain molecules that are connected by structural units through common covalent bonds. This conclusion laid the foundation for the establishment of modern polymer science.

23. Coal Technology

Coal technology is collection of technologies being developed in attempts to lessen the negative environmental impact of coal energy generation and to mitigate worldwide climate change. When coal is used as a fuel source, the gaseous emissions generated by the thermal decomposition of the coal include sulphur dioxide (SO2), nitrogen oxides (NOx), mercury and other chemical by-products that vary depending on the type of the coal being used. These emissions have been established to have a negative impact on the environment and human health, contributing to acid rain, lung cancer and cardiovascular disease. As a result, clean coal technologies are being developed to remove or reduce pollutant emissions to the atmosphere. Some of the techniques that would be used to accomplish this include chemically washing minerals and impurities from the coal, gasification, improved technology for treating flue gases to remove pollutants to increasingly stringent levels and at higher efficiency, carbon capture and storage technologies to capture the carbon dioxide from the flue gas and dewatering lower rank coals (brown coals) to improve the calorific value, and thus the efficiency of the conversion into electricity. Concerns exist regarding the economic viability of these technologies and the timeframe of delivery, potentially high hidden economic costs in terms of social and environmental damage, and the costs and viability of disposing of removed carbon and other toxic matter.

24. Hydrology Engineering

Hydrology engineering is the scientific study of the movement, distribution and quality of water on Earth and other planets including the water cycle, water resources and environmental watershed sustainability. A hydrologist, working within the fields of earth or environmental science, physical geography, geology or civil and environmental engineering. By using various analytical methods and scientific techniques, they collect and analyse data to help solve water related problems such as environmental preservation, natural disasters and water management.

Hydrology subdivides into surface water hydrology, groundwater hydrology (hydrogeology) and marine hydrology. Domains of hydrology include hydrometeorology, surface hydrology, hydrogeology, drainage-basin management and water quality, where water plays the central role. Oceanography and meteorology are not included because water is only one of many important aspects within those fields. Hydrological research can inform environmental engineering, policy and planning.

25. Hydropower Engineering

Hydropower engineering provides mechanical and electrical engineering and project management services to the hydropower industry. Hydropower engineering cover key aspects of hydropower generation including investigation of operational and maintenance problems, plant performance assessments, site supervision, dam safety reviews and assistance with refurbishment and hydro development projects. Hydropower Engineering also offers specialised hydropower related training courses. Hydropower or waterpower is power derived from the energy of falling water or fast running water which may be harnessed for useful purposes. Since ancient times, hydropower from many kinds of watermills has been used as a renewable energy source for irrigation and the operation of various mechanical devices, such as gristmills, sawmills, textile mills, trip hammers, dock cranes, domestic lifts, and ore mills. A trompe which produces compressed air from falling water, is sometimes used to power other machinery at a distance.

26. Hydraulics Engineering

Hydraulic engineering as a sub-discipline of civil engineering is concerned with the flow and conveyance of fluids, principally water and sewage. One feature of these systems is the extensive use of gravity as the motive force to cause the movement of the fluids. This area of civil engineering is intimately related to the design of bridges, dams, channels, canals, and levees, and to both sanitary and environmental engineering.

Hydraulic engineering is the application of the principles of fluid mechanics to problems dealing with the collection, storage, control, transport, regulation, measurement, and use of water. Before beginning a hydraulic engineering project, one must figure out how much water is involved. The hydraulic engineer is concerned with the transport of sediment by the river, the interaction of the water with its alluvial boundary, and the occurrence of scour and deposition. The hydraulic engineer actually develops conceptual designs for the various features which interact with water such as spillways and outlet works for dams, culverts for highways, canals and related structures for irrigation projects, and cooling-water facilities for thermal power plants.

27. Corrosion Engineering

Corrosion engineering is far-reaching field including energy infrastructure, transportation systems and national defense. It installs, maintains, inspects, troubleshoots facilities and utilizes chemistry, electricity, physics, metallurgy and other sciences to prevent or control corrosion damage. Corrosion control therefore apply these sciences to control the chemical and mechanical aspects that are involved in the deterioration of properties which we call “Corrosion.”

This program prepares aspirants for entry-level employment as Corrosion Technician in the fields of manufacturing, oil & gas, government, pipeline maintenance and general corrosion management.

There are three programs to study the corrosion engineering. The one-year Certificate of Applied Science (CAS) and the two-year Associate of Applied Science (AAS) prepare students to sit for National Associate of Corrosion Engineers (NACE) exams. The AAS option also includes a capstone project and internship experience. Additionally, students also have the option of earning a Certificate of Technical Studies (CTS) after each semester by completing program-specific courses. This allows students to earn credential after just one semester and allows for a more skilled workforce.

28. Bio-medical Engineering

Biomedical engineering or medical engineering is the application of engineering principles to develop concepts of medicine and biology for healthcare purposes (Diagnostic & Therapeutic). It seeks to close the gap between engineering and medicine, combining the design and problem-solving skills of engineering with medical biological sciences to advance healthcare treatment including diagnosis, monitoring and therapy. Biomedical engineering applications include development of biocompatible prostheses, various diagnostic and therapeutic medical devices ranging from clinical equipment to micro-implants, common imaging equipment such as MRIs and EKG/ECGs, regenerative tissue growth, pharmaceutical drugs and therapeutic biologicals.

29. Bioinformatics Engineering

Bioinformatics is an interdisciplinary field that develops methods and software for understanding biological data. It encompasses science, bioinformatics combines computer science, statistics, mathematics and engineering to analyze and interpret biological data. It is considered both an umbrella term for body of biological studies that use computer programming as part of methodology as well as a reference to specific analysis "pipelines" repeatedly used, in the field of genomics. Common uses of bioinformatics include the identification of genes and nucleotides (SNPs). Often, such identification is made with the aim of better understanding the genetic basis of disease, unique adaptations and desirable properties especially in agricultural species or differences between populations.

30. Biomechanics

Biomechanics is study of structure and function of mechanical aspects of biological systems at any level from whole organisms to organs, cells and cell organelles, using the methods of mechanics.

31. Biomaterials Engineering

A biomaterials engineering is study of matter, surface or construct that interacts with living systems and as a science, it is about fifty years old. It has experienced steady and strong growth over its history, with many companies investing large amounts of money into the development of new products. Biomaterials science encompasses elements of medicine, biology, chemistry, tissue engineering and materials science.

32. Biomedical Optics / Tissue Engineering

It is interaction of biological tissue, light and how it can be exploited for sensing, imaging and treatment. It is a major segment of biotechnology which overlaps significantly with BME. One of the goals of tissue engineering is to create artificial organs for patients that need organ transplants. Biomedical engineers are currently researching methods of creating such organs. Researchers have grown solid jawbones and tracheas from human stem cells towards this end. Several artificial urinary bladders have been grown in laboratories and transplanted successfully into human patients. Bioartificial organs, which use both synthetic and biological component, are also focus area in research, such as with hepatic assist devices that use liver cells within an artificial bioreactor construct.

33. Genetic Engineering

Genetic engineering, DNA technology, genetic manipulation (GM) and gene splicing are applied to direct manipulation of genes. Unlike traditional breeding, an indirect method of genetic manipulation, genetic engineering utilizes modern tools such as molecular cloning and transformation to directly alter the structure and characteristics of target genes. Genetic engineering techniques have found success in numerous applications. Some examples include the improvement of crop technology, the manufacture of synthetic human insulin through the use of modified bacteria, the manufacture of erythropoietin in hamster ovary cells and the production of new types of experimental mice such as cancer mouse for research.

34. Neural Engineering

Neural engineering also known as neuro-engineering uses engineering techniques to understand, repair, replace and enhance neural systems. Neural engineers are uniquely qualified to solve design problems at interface of living neural tissue and non-living constructs.

35. Pharmaceutical Engineering

Pharmaceutical engineering is an interdisciplinary science that includes drug engineering, novel drug delivery and targeting, pharmaceutical technology, unit operations of chemical engineering and pharmaceutical analysis. It may be deemed as a part of pharmacy due to its focus on the use of technology on chemical agents in providing better medicinal treatment.

36. Clinical Engineering

Clinical engineering deals with actual implementation of medical equipment and technologies in hospitals settings including training and supervising biomedical equipment technicians, selecting technological products and services as well as logistically managing their implementation, working with governmental regulators on inspections/audits and serving as technological consultants for other hospital staff e.g. physicians, administrators and I.T. personals. Clinical engineers also advise and collaborate with medical device producers regarding prospective design improvements based on clinical experiences as well as monitor the progression of the state of the art so as to redirect procurement patterns accordingly.

Their inherent focus on practical implementation of technology has tended to keep them oriented more towards incremental-level redesigns and reconfigurations as opposed to revolutionary research & development or ideas that would be many years from clinical adoption. However, there is a growing effort to expand this time-horizon over which clinical engineers can influence the trajectory of biomedical innovation. They form "bridge" between primary designers and the end-users, by combining the perspectives of being both 1) close to the point-of-use, and 2) trained in product and process engineering.

37. Rehabilitation Engineering

Rehabilitation engineering is systematic application of engineering sciences to design, develop, adapt, test, evaluate, apply and distribute technological solutions to problems confronted by individuals with disabilities. Functional areas addressed through rehabilitation engineering include mobility, communication, hearing, vision, cognition and activities associated with employment, independent living, education and integration into the community.

The rehabilitation process for people with disabilities often entails the design of assistive devices such as walking aids intended to promote inclusion of their users into the mainstream of society, commerce and recreation.

38. Transportation Engineering

Transportation engineering is application of technology and scientific principles to planning, functional design, operation and management of facilities for mode of transportation in order to provide for safe, efficient, rapid, comfortable, convenient, economical and environmentally compatible movement of people and goods transport.

Technical forecasting of passenger travel involves an urban transportation planning model, requiring estimation of trip generation, trip distribution, mode choice and route assignment (Streets or Routes That are Being Used).

Transportation engineering involves planning, design, construction, maintenance and operation of transportation facilities. The facilities support air, highway, railroad, pipeline, water and even space transportation. The design aspects of transportation engineering include the sizing of transportation facilities (How Many Lanes or How Much Capacity Facility Has), determining the materials and thickness used in pavement designing the geometry (Vertical and Horizontal Alignment) of the roadway or track.

Railway engineers manage the design, construction and operation of railroads and mass transit systems that use a fixed guideway such as light rail or monorails. Typical tasks include determining horizontal and vertical alignment design, station location and design, and construction cost estimating. Railroad engineers can also move into the specialized field of train dispatching which focuses on train movement control.

Port and harbor engineers handle the design, construction, and operation of ports, harbors, canals, and other maritime facilities.

Airport engineers design and construct airports. Airport engineers must account for the impacts and demands of aircraft in their design of airport facilities. These engineers must use the analysis of predominant wind direction to determine runway orientation, determine the size of runway border and safety areas, different wing tip to wing tip clearances for all gates and must designate the clear zones in the entire port.

39. Geotechnical Engineering

Geotechnical engineering is concerned with engineering behavior of earth materials. It is important in civil engineering and also helps in applications in military, mining, petroleum and other engineering disciplines concerned with construction occurring on surface or within ground. Geotechnical engineering uses principles of soil mechanics and rock mechanics to investigate subsurface conditions and materials; determine relevant physical/mechanical and chemical properties of these materials; evaluate stability of natural slopes and man-made soil deposits; assess risks posed by site conditions; design earthworks and structure foundations; and monitor site conditions, earthwork and foundation construction.

A geotechnical engineering determines type of foundations, earthworks and/or pavement subgrades required for intended man-made structures to be built.

Geotechnical engineering is also related to coastal and ocean engineering. Coastal engineering can involve the design and construction of wharves, marinas and jetties. Ocean engineering can involve foundation and anchor systems for offshore structures such as oil platforms.

40. City/Urban & Regional Planning

Urban & regional planning develops land use plans and programs that help create communities, accommodate population growth and revitalize physical facilities in towns, cities, counties, and metropolitan areas. Urban planning is a technical and political process concerned with development and design of land use and built environment including air, water and the infrastructure passing into and out of urban areas such as transportation, communications and distribution networks. Urban planning deals with physical layout of human settlements. The primary concern is public welfare includes considerations of efficiency, sanitation, protection and use of the environment as well as effects on social and economic activities. It is closely related to the field of urban design and some urban planners provide designs for streets, parks, buildings and other urban areas. Urban planning is also referred to as urban and regional planning, regional planning, town planning, city planning, rural planning, urban development or some combination in various areas worldwide.

41. Water Resources Engineering

Water resource engineering is a specific kind of civil engineering that involves the design of new systems and equipment to manage human water resources. Some of the areas are water treatment facilities, underground wells and natural springs. Water resource engineers develop new equipment and systems for water resource management facilities. The systems that they create ensure that citizens are provided with a continuous supply of clean, uncontaminated water for drinking, living and recreational purposes. They not only design these water management systems, but often oversee the construction and maintenance of these systems as well. An increasing population and continuous need for more water stimulates this fast-growing industry. A Bachelor degree and official certification are required to pursue this career, though many water resource engineers also go on to pursue their Masters Degrees.

42. Energy & Environment Engineering

Energy & environmental engineering seeks to efficiently use energy and to maintain the environment. Energy engineers require knowledge across many disciplines. Careers include work in built environment, renewable and traditional energy industries. In this area, solar radiation is important and must be understood. Solar radiation affects the Earth's weather and daylight available. This affects not only the Earth's environment but also the smaller internal environments which we create. Energy engineering requires at least an understanding of mechanics, thermodynamics, mathematics, materials, stoichiometry, electrical machines, manufacturing processes and energy systems. Environmental engineering can be branched into two main areas: internal environments and outdoor environments.

43. Metallurgy & Material Engineering

Metallurgical & materials engineering is science and technology of producing, processing and giving proper shape to metals and alloys and other engineering materials having desired properties through economically viable process. Metallurgy & Materials Engineering is field of engineering that circumscribes the spectrum of materials, types and how to use them in manufacturing. It is the technology of producing, processing and giving proper shape to metals and alloys and other engineering materials having desired properties through economically viable process.

Metallurgy & materials engineering offers studies in subjects mineral dressing, Metallurgical Thermodynamics and Kinetics, Iron Making Technology, Steel Making Technology, Physical Metallurgy, Science of Engineering Materials, Inspection & Testing of Materials, Heat treatment and Phase Transformation, Corrosion & Protection, Manufacturing Technology and Engineering Fracture Mechanics. However other related subjects also include in the course to make it versatile and intractable with other fields of Engineering.

44. Quality & Technology Management

Quality is not only about developing products and services which result in more satisfied customers and increased profitability. It is also about developing and improving the activities internally within the organisations. The ever-changing needs and expectations of customers together with increased international competition make companies and organisations increase their focus on quality management. Quality technology or quality management is a relatively new subject field which has raised interest in the business world and among public organisations. Examples of areas that are included in quality technology are leadership and total quality management, customer relations and satisfaction and processes and product development (goods and services). Knowledge in quality technology is to be regarded as independent of industry and is therefore relevant within all types of education.

45. Urban & Infrastructure Engineering

Municipal engineering is concerned with municipal infrastructure. This involves specifying, designing, constructing and maintaining streets, sidewalks, water supply networks, sewers, street lighting, municipal solid waste management and disposal, storage depots for various bulk materials used for maintenance and public works (salt, sand, etc.), public parks and cycling infrastructure. In the case of underground utility networks, it may also include the civil portion (Conduits and Access Chambers) of the local distribution networks of electrical and telecommunications services. It can also include the optimizing of garbage collection and bus service networks. Some of these disciplines overlap with other civil engineering specialties, however municipal engineering focuses on the coordination of these infrastructure networks and services, as they are often built simultaneously and managed by the same municipal authority.

 

 

(7)      MEDICAL

Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery is abbreviated in many ways, e.g. MBBS, MB ChB, MB BCh, MB BChir (Cantab), BM BCh (Oxon), BMBS), are the two first professional degrees in medicine and surgery awarded upon graduation from medical school by universities in countries. The historical degree nomenclature suggests that they are two separate undergraduate degrees; however, in practice, they are usually treated as one and conferred together and may also be awarded at graduate-level medical schools. In countries that follow the system in the United States, the equivalent medical degree is awarded as Doctor of Medicine (MD) or Doctor of Osteopathic Medicine (DO).

1. Pharmacy

Pharmacy is science and technique of preparing, dispensing and reviewing of drugs and providing additional clinical services. It is a health profession that links health sciences with pharmaceutical sciences and aims to ensure safe, effective and affordable use of drugs. The professional practice is becoming more clinically oriented as most of the drugs are now manufactured by pharmaceutical industries. Based on the setting, the pharmacy is classified as a community or institutional pharmacy. Providing direct patient care in the community of institutional pharmacies are considered clinical pharmacy.

The scope of pharmacy practice includes more traditional roles such as compounding and dispensing medications and it also includes more modern services related to healthcare, including clinical services, reviewing medications for safety and efficacy and providing drug information. Pharmacists, therefore, are the experts on drug therapy and are the primary health professionals who optimize use of medication for the benefit of the patients. Pharmacology is considered as the 4th discipline of pharmacy. Although pharmacology is essential to the study of pharmacy, it is not specific to pharmacy.

Pharmacists are healthcare professionals with specialised education and training who perform various roles to ensure optimal health outcomes for their patients through the quality use of medicines. Pharmacists may also be small business proprietors, owning the pharmacy in which they practice. Since pharmacists know about the mode of action of a particular drug, and its metabolism and physiological effects on the human body in great detail, they play an important role in optimisation of a drug treatment for an individual.

Pharmacy technicians support the work of pharmacists and other health professionals by performing a variety of pharmacy related functions, including dispensing prescription drugs and other medical devices to patients and instructing on their use. They may also perform administrative duties in pharmaceutical practice, such as reviewing prescription requests with medic's offices and insurance companies to ensure correct medications are provided and payment is received.

Veterinary pharmacies, sometimes called animal pharmacies, may fall in the category of hospital pharmacy, retail pharmacy or mail-order pharmacy. Veterinary pharmacies stock different varieties and different strengths of medications to fulfil the pharmaceutical needs of animals. Because the needs of animals, as well as the regulations on veterinary medicine, are often very different from those related to people, veterinary pharmacy is often kept separate from regular pharmacies.

Nuclear pharmacy focuses on preparing radioactive materials for diagnostic tests and for treating certain diseases. Nuclear pharmacists undergo additional training specific to handling radioactive materials and unlike in community and hospital pharmacies, nuclear pharmacists typically do not interact directly with patients.

Military pharmacy is an entirely different working environment due to the fact that technicians perform most duties that in a civilian sector would be illegal. State laws of Technician patient counseling and medication checking by a pharmacist do not apply.

Pharmacy informatics is the combination of pharmacy practice science and applied information science. Pharmacy informaticists work in many practice areas of pharmacy, however, they may also work in information technology departments or for healthcare information technology vendor companies. As a practice area and specialist domain, pharmacy informatics is growing quickly to meet the needs of major national and international patient information projects and health system interoperability goals. Pharmacists in this area are trained to participate in medication management system development, deployment and optimization.

2. Veterinary

Veterinary medicine deals with prevention, diagnosis and treatment of disease, disorder and injury in animals. The scope of veterinary medicine is wide, covering all animal species, both domesticated and wild with a wide range of conditions which can affect different species. It helps human health through the monitoring and control of zoonotic disease (Infectious Disease Transmitted from Animals to Humans), food safety and indirectly through human applications from basic medical research. They also help to maintain food supply through livestock health monitoring and treatment and mental health by keeping pets healthy and long living. Veterinary scientists often collaborate with epidemiologists and other health or natural scientists depending on type of work. Ethically, veterinarians are usually obliged to look after animal welfare.

3. Physical Therapy

Physical therapy (PT) also known as physiotherapy, is one of allied health professions by using evidence based kinesiology, electrotherapy, shockwave modality, exercise prescription, joint mobilization and health education, treats conditions such as chronic or acute pain, soft tissue injuries, cartilage damage, arthritis, gait disorders and physical impairments typically of musculoskeletal, cardiopulmonary, neurological and endocrinological origins. Physical therapy is used to improve a patient's physical functions through physical examination, diagnosis, prognosis, physical intervention, rehabilitation and patient education. It is practiced by physical therapists.

4. DBS

A dentist, also known as a dental surgeon, is a surgeon who specializes in dentistry, the diagnosis, prevention and treatment of diseases and conditions of the oral cavity. The dentist's supporting team aids in providing oral health services. The dental team includes dental assistants, dental hygienists, dental technicians, and in some states, dental therapists.

 

 

5. Optometry & Orthotics

The profession of optometry is dedicated to the prevention of blindness and enhancement of visual function. Optometrists / Orthoptists are the eye healthcare professionals recognized across the globe who may practice independently, licensed primary eye care providers offering a wide range of vision care services. As primary eye care providers, optometrists / orthoptists are an integral part of the health care team and an entry point into the health care system.

Optometrists / Orthoptists examine, diagnose, treat and manage diseases and disorders of the eye as well as diagnose and refer patients to other healthcare providers for a variety of systemic and neurological conditions that are frequently diagnosed during the primary eye examination.

6. Audiology

Audiology studies hearing, balance and related disorders. Audiologists treat those with hearing loss and proactively prevent related damage by employing various testing strategies (Behavioral Hearing Tests, Otoacoustic Emission Measurements and Electrophysiologic Tests). If hearing loss is identified, audiologists determine which portions of hearing (High, Middle or Low Frequencies) are affected, to what degree (Severity of Loss) and where lesion causing the hearing loss is found (Outer Ear, Middle Ear, Inner Ear, Auditory Nerve and/or Central Nervous System). If audiologist determines hearing loss or vestibular abnormality is present he/she will provide recommendations for interventions or rehabilitation (Hearing Aids, Cochlear Implants & Appropriate Medical Referrals). In addition to diagnosing audiologic and vestibular pathologies, audiologists can also specialize in rehabilitation of tinnitus, hyperacusis, misophonia, auditory processing disorders, cochlear implant use and/or hearing aid use. Audiologists can provide hearing health care from birth to end-of-life.

7. Dental Technology

A dental technologist (Dental Laboratory Technician) is member of dental team who, upon prescription of dental clinician, constructs custom-made restorative and dental appliances. There are four majors within dental technology. These are fixed prosthesis including crowns, bridges and implants, removable prosthesis including dentures and removable partial dentures, maxillofacial prosthesis including ocular prosthesis and craniofacial prosthesis and orthodontics and auxiliaries, including orthodontic appliances and mouth guards.

8. Cardiac Perfusion

Cardiovascular perfusion is the science of providing extracorporeal circulation in order to artificially support and temporarily replace patient’s respiratory and circulatory systems. Clinical Perfusionists are expert cardiac surgical team and provide lifesaving support to patients requiring additional corporeal circulation including but not limited to major cardiothoracic, vascular and transplant surgeries as well as support of critically-ill patient.

Cardiovascular Perfusionists are important members of the open-heart surgical team whose primary role is to conduct cardiopulmonary bypass using a heart-lung machine and other ancillary equipment. They closely monitor the patient's blood flow and other vital signs during open heart surgery and are also responsible for administering intravenous fluids, blood products and anesthetic drugs.

Perfusionists are also experts of other life support equipment such as ventricular assist devices and intra-aortic balloon pumps. The primary aim of Cardiac Perfusion Technology is to academically and clinically prepare the cardiovascular perfusion students for professional practice. The curriculum focuses on developing a strong knowledge base in cardiothoracic anatomy, physiology and pathophysiology as well as pharmacology, fatal and neonatal cardiac development and perfusion science.

9. Occupational Therapy

Occupational therapy (OT) is use of assessment and intervention to develop, recover or maintain meaningful activities or occupations of individuals, groups or communities. It is an allied health profession performed by occupational therapists and Occupational Therapy Assistants. OTs often work with people with mental health problems, disabilities, injuries or impairments.

Occupational therapist helps people across their lifespan participate in the things they want and need to do through the therapeutic use of everyday activities (occupations). Common occupational therapy interventions include helping children with disabilities to participate fully in school and social situations, injury rehabilitation and providing supports for older adults experiencing physical and cognitive changes.

10. Anatomy

Anatomy is a natural science deals with structural organization of living things. It is an old science, having its beginnings in prehistoric times. Anatomy is inherently tied to developmental biology, embryology, comparative anatomy, evolutionary biology and phylogeny as these are the processes by which anatomy is generated over immediate (embryology) and long (evolution) timescales. Anatomy and physiology which study (respectively) the structure and function of organisms and their parts, make a natural pair of related disciplines and they are often studied together. Human anatomy is one of the essential basic sciences that are applied in medicine.

The discipline of anatomy is divided into macroscopic and microscopic anatomy. Macroscopic anatomy, or gross anatomy, is the examination of an animal's body parts using unaided eyesight. Gross anatomy also includes the branch of superficial anatomy. Microscopic anatomy involves the use of optical instruments in the study of the tissues of various structures, known as histology, and also in the study of cells.

11. Forensic Medicine

Forensic medicine provides unique educational resources for medical students and others in forensic medicine and forensic pathology. Forensic pathology is pathology focuses on determining the cause of death by examining a corpse. A post mortem is performed by medical examiner, usually during the investigation of criminal law cases and civil law cases in some jurisdictions. Coroners and medical examiners are also frequently asked to confirm the identity of a corpse. Also see forensic medicine. The forensic pathologist performs autopsies/post-mortem examinations to determine the cause of death.

 

12. Hematology

Hematology is branch of medicine concerned with the study of the cause, prognosis, treatment and prevention of diseases related to blood. It involves treating diseases that affect the production of blood and its components, such as blood cells, hemoglobin, blood proteins, bone marrow, platelets, blood vessels, spleen and mechanism of coagulation. Such diseases might include hemophilia, blood clots, other bleeding disorders and blood cancers such as leukemia, multiple myeloma, and lymphoma. The laboratory work that goes into the study of blood is frequently performed by a medical technologist or medical laboratory scientist.

13. Pharmacology

Pharmacology is concerned with study of drug or medication where drug can be broadly defined as any man-made, natural or endogenous molecule which exerts biochemical or physiological effect on cell, tissue, organ or organism. More specifically, it is study of interactions that occur between a living organism and chemicals that affect normal or abnormal biochemical function.

The field encompasses drug composition and properties, synthesis and drug design, molecular and cellular mechanisms, organ/systems mechanisms, signal transduction/cellular communication, molecular diagnostics, interactions, toxicology, chemical biology, therapy, medical applications and antipathogenic capabilities. The two main areas of pharmacology are pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics. Pharmacodynamics studies the effects of a drug on biological systems, and Pharmacokinetics studies the effects of biological systems on a drug. In broad terms, pharmacodynamics discusses chemicals with biological receptors and pharmacokinetics discusses absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME) of chemicals from the biological systems.

14. Nursing

Nursing is a profession within healthcare sector focused on care of individuals, families and communities so they may attain, maintain or recover optimal health and quality of life. Nurses may be differentiated from other healthcare providers by their approach to patient care, training and scope of practice. Many nurses provide care within the ordering scope of physicians and this traditional role has shaped the public image of nurses as care providers. However, nurse practitioners are permitted by most jurisdictions to practice independently in a variety of settings. Since the postwar period, nurse education has undergone a process of diversification towards advanced and specialized credentials, and many of the traditional regulations and provider roles are changing.

15. Radiology

Radiology is medical specialty that uses medical imaging to diagnose and treat diseases within human body. A variety of imaging techniques such as X-ray radiography, ultrasound, computed tomography (CT), nuclear medicine including positron emission tomography (PET) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) are used to diagnose or treat diseases. Interventional radiology is the performance of usually minimally invasive medical procedures with the guidance of imaging technologies such as X-ray radiography, ultrasound, computed tomography (CT), nuclear medicine including positron emission tomography (PET) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).

The modern practice of radiology involves several different healthcare professions working as a team. The radiologist is a medical doctor who has completed the appropriate post-graduate training and interprets medical images, communicates these findings to other physicians by means of a report or verbally, and uses imaging to perform minimally invasive medical procedures. The nurse is involved in the care of patients before and after imaging or procedures, including administration of medications, monitoring of vital signs and monitoring of sedated patients.

16. Anaesthesia

Anaesthesia is a state of controlled, temporary loss of sensation or awareness that is induced for medical purposes. It may include analgesia (Relief or Prevention from Pain), paralysis (Muscle Relaxation), amnesia (Loss of Memory) or unconsciousness. A patient under the effects of anaesthetic drugs is referred to as being anesthetized.

The risks of complications during or after anaesthesia are often difficult to separate from those of the procedure for which anaesthesia is being administered, but in the main they are related to three factors: the health of the patient, the complexity (Stress) of the procedure itself, and the anaesthetic technique. Of these factors, the health of the patient has the greatest impact.

17. Field Epidemiology

Although epidemiologists work in field settings in different contexts, term field epidemiology describes investigations initiated in response to urgent public health problems. It involves the application of epidemiologic methods to unexpected health problems when a rapid, on-site investigation is necessary for timely intervention. It is how epidemics and outbreaks are investigated and it is a tool for implementing measures to protect and improve the health of the public. Its methods are designed to answer specific epidemiologic questions in order to plan, implement and/or evaluate public health interventions. The task of field epidemiologist is not complete until the results of study have been clearly communicated timely in manner to those who need to know and an intervention made to improve the health of the people.

18. Ophthalmology

Ophthalmology deals with diagnosis and treatment of eye disorders. The credentials include degree in medicine, followed by additional four to five years of ophthalmology residency training. Ophthalmology residency training programs require one-year pre-residency training in internal medicine, pediatrics or general surgery. Additional specialty training can be sought in a particular aspect of eye pathology. Ophthalmologists are allowed to use medications to treat eye diseases, implement laser therapy, and perform surgery when needed. Ophthalmologists may participate in academic research on the diagnosis and treatment for eye disorders.

19. Chemical Pathology

Clinical chemistry, also known as chemical pathology, clinical biochemistry or medical biochemistry, is area of chemistry concerned with analysis of bodily fluids for diagnostic and therapeutic purposes. There are many blood tests and clinical urine tests with extensive diagnostic capabilities. Most current laboratories are now highly automated to accommodate the high workload typical of a hospital laboratory. Tests performed are closely monitored and quality controlled.

All biochemical tests come under chemical pathology. These are performed on any kind of body fluid, but mostly on serum or plasma. Serum is the yellow watery part of blood that is left after blood has been allowed to clot and all blood cells have been removed. This is most easily done by centrifugation, which packs the denser blood cells and platelets to the bottom of the centrifuge tube, leaving the liquid serum fraction resting above the packed cells. This initial step before analysis has recently been included in instruments that operate on the "integrated system" principle. Plasma is in essence the same as serum, but is obtained by centrifuging the blood without clotting. Plasma is obtained by centrifugation before clotting occurs. The type of test required dictates what type of sample is used. A large medical laboratory will accept samples for up to about 700 different kinds of tests. Even the largest of laboratories rarely do all these tests themselves, and some must be referred to other labs.

20. Pathology

Pathology is study of causes and effects of disease or injury. However, when used in context of modern medical treatment, it refers to processes and tests which run within contemporary medical field which includes a number of distinct but inter-related medical specialties that diagnose disease through analysis of tissue, cell and body fluid samples.

As a field of research, pathology addresses four components of disease: cause, mechanisms of development (Pathogenesis), structural alterations of cells (Morphologic Changes) and consequences of changes (Clinical Manifestations). In medical practice, pathology is mostly concerned with analysing known clinical abnormalities that are markers or precursors for both infectious and non-infectious disease and is conducted by experts in one of two major specialties, anatomical pathology and clinical pathology.

21. Dialectology

Dialectology is scientific study of linguistic dialect, a sub-field of sociolinguistics, studies variations in language based primarily on geographic distribution and their associated features. Dialectology treats such topics as divergence of two local dialects from a common ancestor and synchronic variation.

Commonly studied concepts in dialectology include the problem of mutual intelligibility in defining languages, dialects and situations. Dialects are used for different functions 1) dialect continua including a number of partially mutually intelligible dialects and 2) pluricentrism that is essentially a single genetic language exists as two or more standard varieties.

22. Orthotics & Prosthetic

Prosthetics & Orthotics is dynamic and expanding allied health science profession, technically, separate disciplines, in common goals in rehabilitation unite them into one cooperative entity. Prosthetics involves the use of artificial limbs to enhance the function and lifestyle of persons with limb loss. The prosthesis must be a unique combination of appropriate materials, alignment, design and construction to match the functional needs of the individual. Lower limb prostheses address stability in standing and walking, shock absorption, energy storage & return, cosmetic appearance and even extraordinary functional needs associated with running, jumping and other athletic activities. Upper limb prostheses address reaching, grasping and specific occupational challenges such as hammering, painting, weight lifting and activities of daily living such as eating, writing and dressing.

23. Medical Imaging Technology

Medical imaging is technique and process of creating visual representations of the interior of a body for clinical analysis and medical intervention as well as visual representation of the function of some organs or tissues (Physiology). Medical imaging seeks to reveal internal structures hidden by the skin and bones as well as to diagnose and treat disease. Medical imaging also establishes a database of normal anatomy and physiology to make it possible to identify abnormalities. Although imaging of removed organs and tissues can be performed for medical reasons such procedures are usually considered part of pathology instead of medical imaging.

As a discipline, it is part of biological imaging and incorporates radiology which uses the imaging technologies of X-ray radiography, magnetic resonance imaging, medical ultrasonography/ultrasound, endoscopy, elastography, tactile imaging, thermography, medical photography and nuclear medicine functional imaging techniques as positron emission tomography (PET) and Single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT).

24. Speech & Language Pathology OR Therapy

Speech-Language Pathology is field of expertise practiced by a clinician known as a speech-language pathologist (SLP) or speech therapist. It is considered a health-related profession or allied health profession along with audiology, behaviour analysis, optometry, occupational therapy, clinical psychology, physical therapy and others. SLPs specialize in evaluation, diagnosis and treatment of communication disorders (Speech and Language Disorders), cognitive-communication disorders, voice disorders and swallowing disorders. SLPs also play an important role in diagnosis and treatment of autism spectrum disorder often in a team with pediatricians and psychologists).

Language impairments, including difficulties creating sentences that are grammatical (Syntax) and modifying word meaning (Morphology). Literacy impairments (Reading and Writing) related to the letter-to-sound relationship (Phonics), word-to-meaning relationship (Semantics) and understanding the ideas presented in a text (Reading Comprehension).

Voice difficulties such as a raspy voice, a voice that is too soft, or other voice difficulties that negatively impact a person's social or professional performance. Cognitive impairments (Attention, Memory, Executive Function) to the extent that they interfere with communication.

25. Operation Theatre Technology

Operation Theatre Technology courses are job oriented. Operation Theatre Technology is an allied healthcare profession that includes assisting doctors in surgery, arranging surgical instruments before surgery, sterilizing instrumentation before surgery, cleaning surgical instruments after surgery, carrying out surgeons’ commands during surgery and taking care of anaesthesia equipment. It works at Operation Theatre of hospitals, Intensive Care Units as well as Emergency Departments. The main task is to assist Doctors and Surgeons during surgery or emergency procedures. Under the setup of a hospital, Operation Theatre technicians are usually part of a team that consists of doctors, nurses and other allied healthcare professionals.

OT Technology courses mentioned above train students in aspects like surgical procedures, surgical instruments, anaesthesia equipment & dose, patient monitoring and OT Ethics. Operation Theatres in hospitals, Emergency Care Departments as well as ICUs in hospitals are places where OT Technicians are needed. For any operation theatre to function smoothly, OT Technicians are needed.

26. Medical Laboratory Technology/Science

A medical laboratory scientist (MLS), also referred to medical technologist (MT), clinical laboratory scientist (CLS) or biomedical scientist (BMS), is a healthcare professional who performs chemical, haematological, immunologic, histopathological, cytopathological, microscopic and bacteriological diagnostic analyses on body fluids such as blood, urine, sputum, stool, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), peritoneal fluid, pericardial fluid and synovial fluid as well as other specimens. Medical laboratory scientists work in clinical laboratories at hospitals, reference labs, biotechnology labs and non-clinical industrial labs.

Medical Laboratory Scientists analyze human fluid samples using techniques available to clinical laboratory such as manual white blood cell differentials/counts, bone marrow counts, analysis via microscopy and advanced analytical equipment. Medical laboratory scientists assist doctors and nurses in choosing the correct lab tests and ensure proper collection methods. Medical laboratory scientists receive the patient specimens, analyze the specimens and report results. A pathologist confirms a diagnostic result, but often the medical laboratory scientist is responsible for interpreting and communicating critical patient results to the physician.

27. Morbid Anatomy & Histopathology

Pathology (Morbid Anatomy & Histopathology) is concerned with scientific study of diseases, hidden science that is continuously saving life and not merely a discipline that investigate the cause of death. Also includes the causes of diseases and formulating of diagnosis based on the clinical information available to us, diagnosis that eventually direct bedside doctor in the right management of patients. Consequently, we are supposed to be involved in the follow up of the patient and provide prognostic indices.

28. Gynecology and Obstetrics

Obstetrics and gynaecology is medical specialty that encompasses two subspecialties of obstetrics (Covering Pregnancy, Childbirth & Postpartum Period) and gynaecology (Covering Health of Female Reproductive System – Vagina, Uterus, Ovaries and Breasts). It's commonly abbreviated as OB-GYN.

29. Assisted Reproductive Techniques (ART)

Assisted reproductive technology (ART) are medical procedures used primarily to address infertility. It includes procedures such as in vitro fertilization and may include intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI), cryopreservation of gametes or embryos and/or may involve the use of fertility medication. When used to address infertility, it may also be referred to as fertility treatment. ART mainly belongs to the field of reproductive endocrinology and infertility. Some forms of ART are also used with regard to fertile couples for genetic reasons (Preimplantation Genetic Diagnosis). ART may also be used in surrogacy arrangements, although not all surrogacy arrangements involve ART.

30. Hospital Management (HM)

Health administration, healthcare administration, healthcare management or hospital management is the field relating to leadership, management and administration of public health systems, healthcare systems, hospitals and hospital networks in all primary, secondary and tertiary care sectors.

31. Medical Nutrition & Dietetics

A dietitian is an expert in dietetics that is human nutrition and the regulation of diet. A dietitian alters their patients’ nutrition based upon their medical condition and individual needs. Dietitians are regulated healthcare professionals licensed to assess, diagnose, and treat nutritional problems. A registered dietitian (RD) or registered dietitian nutritionist (RDN) is a dietitian who meets all of a set of special academic and professional requirements including the completion of a educational qualification with an accredited nutrition curriculum, an internship at an approved healthcare facility, foodservice organization or community agency and satisfactory performance on a registration exam.

Most RDs work in treatment and prevention of disease often in hospitals, health-maintenance organizations, private practices or other healthcare facilities. In addition, a large number of registered dietitians work in community and public health settings and/or in academia and research. A growing number of dietitians work in the food industry, journalism, sports nutrition, corporate wellness programs and other non-traditional dietetics settings.

32. Cardiovascular Technology

Cardiovascular technologists are health professionals deal with the circulatory system. Those who assist physicians in the diagnosis of disorders affecting the circulation are known as vascular technologists, vascular specialists or vascular sonographers. They obtain a medical history, evaluate pulses and assess blood flow in arteries and veins by listening to the vascular flow sounds for abnormalities. They perform a non-invasive procedure using ultrasound instrumentation to record vascular information such as vascular blood flow, blood pressure, changes in limb volume, oxygen saturation, cerebral circulation, peripheral circulation and abdominal circulation. Many of these tests are performed during or immediately after surgery.

33. Community Based Rehabilitation & Disability Studies

Community Based Rehabilitation & Disability Studies to design, deliver and evaluate community based support services to form alliances that promote full participation in the community. Professionals have global opportunities to work in areas such as career development, aging, brain injury, fetal alcohol syndrome, physical disability, inclusive education, research and more. A degree in Community Rehabilitation and Disability Studies can also be used as a stepping-stone to graduate studies or another professional degree such as law, medicine, speech and language pathology or physical therapy.

An effort to enhance the quality of life for people with disabilities and their families, meet their basic needs and ensure their inclusion and participation while initially a strategy to increase access to rehabilitation services in resource-constrained settings, CBR is now a multisectoral approach working to improve the equalization of opportunities and social inclusion of people with disabilities while combating the perpetual cycle of poverty and disability.

34. Medical Ultrasound Technology

Medical ultrasound (Diagnostic Sonography or Ultrasonography) is a diagnostic imaging technique based on the application of ultrasound. It is used to create an image of internal body structures such as tendons, muscles, joints, blood vessels and internal organs. Its aim is often to find a source of a disease or to exclude pathology. The practice of examining pregnant women using ultrasound is called obstetric ultrasound and is an early development and application of clinical ultrasonography. Compared to other dominant methods of medical imaging, ultrasound has several advantages. It provides images in real-time and is portable and can be brought to the bedside. It is substantially lower in cost than other imaging modalities and does not use harmful ionizing radiation. Drawbacks include various limits on its field of view, such as the need for patient cooperation, dependence on physique, difficulty imaging structures behind bone and air, and the necessity of a skilled operator, usually a trained professional.

 

 

(8)      TECHNICAL & INDUSTRY DEMAND DRIVEN EDUCATION

Technical education has been introduced to promote the local and international skill/business-based demand-driven courses in industrial sector including professional cooking, basic housekeeping, barista, office management and food service. Trained manpower in hospitality sector is required in not only Middle East but across the globe as well. These courses would ultimately help fill the gap by providing skilled manpower to this sector. In order to enhance the global competitiveness in Punjab through quality and productive workforce by developing demand driven, standardized, dynamic and integrated technical education and vocational training service, TEVTA offers need-based courses in the sector of emerging technologies to the industry and also to offer services for solutions regarding associated production problem.

1. Chinese Language

Chinese Language course provides basics of written and spoken Mandarin Chinese. Modern China is playing an increasingly influential role in the world's political, financial and economic spheres and with Mandarin Chinese being spoken by over one billion people within China. Students learn about formation of written Chinese characters, words and how to talk. Words and phrases are presented via audio, Chinese script and English to facilitate learning. Course is designed for listening, speaking, and reading writing Chinese Language. Online Chinese classes to understand basic dialects and prevalence to Chinese language become familiar with basics of pronunciation of Mandarin Chinese through the use of Pinyin (Sound of 6 Chinese vowels also known as finals and sound 36 Chinese consonants also known as initials) and understand how characters are formed in written Chinese and how words are composed in different styles of writing.

With the initiation of CPEC and increased interaction of local populace with Chinese Companies, PCI observed that there is a communication gap between Pakistanis and Chinese. With Pakistan China Institute playing pivotal role in Pakistan-China relations we believe it is our duty to bridge this gap and for that we have initiated Chinese Language Classes for professionals in collaboration with the Confucius Institute. Confucius Institute is an educational organization affiliated with the Ministry of Education of People’s Republic of China aiming to promote Chinese Culture and Language locally and internationally.

2. Allied Health

Allied health professionals are experts in a multitude of therapeutic, diagnostic and preventive health interventions. These professionals comprise a significant percentage of the healthcare workforce.

3. Hospitality/Service

A hospitality service, also known as accommodation sharing, hospitality exchange, home stay network or home hospitality network is a centrally organized social networking service of travelers who offer or seek homestays (Lodging in Home) either gratis or for money. The Hospitality, travel and tourism industry is the fastest growing industry of the world which is creating millions of new career opportunities for graduates. Managing human resources in hospitality poses special challenges including highly diverse employee backgrounds roles, ever-present focus on guest services and organizational structures.

Hospitality services connect users via internet and are examples of collaborative consumption and sharing. Hospitality services collect commissions on each homestay or charge a membership fee. All personnel placed in hospitality services go through a rigorous studies and training process that gives them the opportunity to develop their skills levels to provide the clients a high level of service. Hospitality services provide a full range of services from the front of the house to the back of the house.

4. Information Technology

This course enables aspirants to measure organizations’ ICT accessibility and assess importance of maintaining an inclusive workplace for both employees and customers. This course consists of modules detailing some of the primary ICT accessibility obstacles facing organizations today. Each module is taught by a subject matter expert through content rich videos, activities and discussion forums. Whether you work in corporate, government or non-profit sector, this course will enable you to identify ICT accessibility issues, analyze specific needs and evaluate possible solutions. As the world becomes more technology driven, organizations of all sizes and sectors touch ICT accessibility whether through website design, document creation or multimedia utilization. Start outlining a plan to establish and maintain an accessible enterprise operation today.

ICT course will consist of six modules over a six-week term. Each module will consist of multiple video lessons. The lesson videos will include instructional content, resources, demonstrations, guest subject matter experts and personal interviews. There will be at least one weekly activity assignment, two discussion forum question postings and one graded ten question multiple-choice quiz at the end of each module. There are one-year programs in the areas of Big Data, Digital Marketing and Fund Accounting.

5. Publication

Publication is defined as distribution of copies of a work to public by sale or other transfer of ownership or by rental, lease or lending. Publication is a technical term in legal contexts and especially important in copyright legislation. An author of a work generally is the initial owner of copyright on work. The offering to distribute copies to a group of people for purposes of distribution, public performance or public display constitutes publication. There is an enormous variety of material types of publication, some of which are as under:

Book: Pages attached together between two covers to allow a person to read.

Bulletin: Information written on a flyer or inside another publication for public viewing. Bulletin is also brief message or announcement broadcast to a wide audience via TV, radio or internet.

Booklet: Leaflet of more than one sheet of paper usually attached in style of a book.

Broadside: A large single sheet of paper printed on one side, designed to be plastered onto walls.

Flyer/Handbill: A small sheet of paper printed on one side, designed to be handed out free.

Leaflet: Single sheet of paper printed on both sides and folded.

Journal: A book with blank pages inside allowing you to write down personal information.

Newsletter: A bulletin, leaflet, pamphlet or newspaper distributed to a specific audience.

Newspaper: A publication of several pages printed with news, sports, information and advertising, published and distributed daily, weekly, monthly, quarterly or annually.

Magazine: A book with front and back paper covers, printed with information and advertising. Some magazines are published and distributed on weekly or monthly basis.

Pamphlet: A leaflet, booklet or saddle-stapled booklet.

Electronic publishing also referred e-publishing or digital publishing or online publishing includes digital publication of e-books, digital magazines, digital libraries and catalogues. Electronic publishing has become common. It is also becoming common to distribute books, magazines and newspapers to consumers through digital devices via online sources. Modern computing and networking have revolutionized publishing. Electronic publishing can also be distinguished by content some of them are as follows:

Brochure: An informative document made for advertising products or services usually in the form of a pamphlet or leaflet.

Tract: A religious or political argument written by one person and designed to be distributed free, usually in the form of a booklet or pamphlet, but sometimes longer.

Monograph: A long research publication written by one person.

A work that has not undergone publication and thus is not generally available to the public or for citation in scholarly or legal contexts is called an unpublished work. In some cases, unpublished work is widely cited or circulated via informal means. An author who has not yet published a work may also be referred to as unpublished.

6. Textile/Garments

The textile sector is inculcating the brightest technical minds of country and equip them with skills necessary to manage clothing industry. It envisions producing successful graduates capable of leading the fast-faced paced changing scenarios of today’s apparel industry through intellect, innovation and values. Research and educational activities are conducted by proficient, devoted and well-qualified faculty and staff members having ample experience in various fields of garment manufacturing.

An active interaction with industry is main feature of teaching philosophy, industrial visits, internships, symposiums and participation in workshops and industrial exhibitions are frequently carried out for students learning. Garments manufacturing is also dynamically involved in providing consultancy services to textile sector and public sector organizations.

CFT Asia (Clothing, Fabrics & Textile Asia) is one of the biggest fairs in its field in Pakistan be organized at Lahore Expo Centre & Karachi Expo Centre by hosting more than 300 local and foreign exhibitors includes Pakistan, Turkey, China, Malaysia, Italy, Germany, Russia, Belgium, India, Japan and other countries showcasing an extensive and latest selection of fabrics and materials of textile industry. Clothing, Fabrics and Textile Asia bring together yarn, fabric, trims and clothing manufacturers, retailers and designers by providing a pure business platform with a wide range of high creativity fabrics with an excellent price and quality relationship. Clothing, Fabrics and Textile Asia is essential sourcing event in Pakistan for buyers, product development specialists, designers, merchandisers, overseas sourcing professionals and R&D wing. CFT takes place with new concepts, latest designs and products to create the most effective business platform for industry.

7. Cooking/Cookery

Cooking/Cookery is art, technology and craft of preparing food for consumption with or without the use of heat. Cooking techniques and ingredients vary widely across the world, from grilling food over an open fire to using electric stoves, to baking in various types of ovens, reflecting unique environmental, economic/cultural traditions and trends. Cooking also depends on skills and type of training the cook has. Cooking is done both by people in their own dwellings, by professional cooks/chefs in restaurants and other food establishments. Cooking can also occur through chemical reactions without the presence of heat such as in ceviche, a traditional South American dish where fish is cooked with the acids in lemon or lime juice.

8. Fashion Designing

Fashion designing is the art of applying design, aesthetics and natural beauty to clothing and its accessories. It is influenced by cultural and social attitudes and has varied over time and place. Fashion designers work in a number of ways in designing clothing and accessories such as bracelets and necklaces. Because of the time required to bring a garment onto the market, designers must anticipate changes to consumer tastes.

Designers conduct research on fashion trends and interpret them for their audience. Their specific designs are used by manufacturers. This is essence of designer’s role, however, there is variation within this that is determined by the buying and merchandising approach and product quality. For example, budget retailers use inexpensive fabrics to interpret trends, but high-end retailers ensure that the best available fabrics are used.

Fashion designers attempt to design clothes which are functional as well as aesthetically pleasing. They consider who is likely to wear a garment and the situations in which it will be worn and work within a wide range of materials, colours, patterns and styles. Though most clothing worn for everyday wear falls within a narrow range of conventional styles, unusual garments are usually sought for special occasions such as evening wear or party dresses. Today, most clothing is designed for mass market, especially casual and every-day wear is called ready to wear.

Fashion designer may work full-time for one fashion house, as in-house designers which owns the designs or they work alone or as part of team. Freelance designers work for themselves, selling their designs to fashion houses, directly to shops or to clothing manufacturers. Some fashion designers set up their own labels under which their designs are marketed. Some fashion designers are self-employed and design for individual clients. Other high-end fashion designers cater to specialty stores or high-end fashion department stores. These designers create original garments as well as those that follow established fashion trends. Most fashion designers work for apparel manufacturers, creating designs of men's, women's and children's fashions for the mass market. Large designer brands which have a name as their brand are likely to be designed by a team of individual designers under the direction of a design director.

Fashion designers work in different ways. Some sketch their ideas on paper while others drape fabric on a dress form. When a designer is completely satisfied with the fit of the toile, he/she consults a professional pattern maker who then makes the finished, working version of the pattern out of card or via a computerized system. Finally, a sample garment is made up and tested on a model to make sure it is an operational outfit.

9. Clinical Assistant

A Clinical/Medical Assistant is a medical support professional that performs a variety of tasks to assist physicians in providing patient care while ensuring that clinics and hospitals run smoothly and efficiently. There are a few industries that offer as much opportunity and stability as healthcare industry does. If you are considering a career in healthcare, becoming a clinical/medical assistant may be suitable for you. Career in medical assisting can provide you with everything you are looking for: a short academic with training period, excellent job opportunities, good salary and professional working environment. If you are ready to start a career as a healthcare support worker, you may find everything you need to become a clinical/medical assistant right here. While administrative medical assistants work mainly at front desk and reception area of clinic or doctor’s office.

Clinical medical assistants must also be excellent communicators. They must be able to convey ideas and information succinctly and must also be able to listen and pay attention to the details of all the information they receive. Since much of the information exchanged will only be stated once and often while the medical assistant is performing other tasks, good listening is one of the top skills physicians look for when hiring medical assistants.

In well-staffed practices, clinical/medical assistants perform some administrative duties. These duties may include filing records, scheduling lab work, hospital admissions, making follow-up calls to patients, phoning in prescriptions and calling to get lab test results.

Clinical/medical assistants are recognized as some of the most versatile and important members of medical practice. Some medical assistants have been able to enter the field with no more than a high school diploma. However, healthcare field have created a need for formally trained medical assistants which is what most employers look for.

10. Office Management

Office management is involving designing, implementation, evaluation and maintenance of work within an office or organization in order to sustain and improve efficiency and productivity. Office management is part of overall administration of business and since elements of management are forecasting, planning, organizing, command, control and coordination, office is a part of total management function.

An office manager is responsible for monitoring and reviewing systems, usually focusing on specific outcomes such as improved timescales, turnover, output, sales, etc. They may supervise or manage team of administrators, allocating roles, induction, training and issuing assignments and projects.

11. Beautician

Beauticians wash, condition, color, cut and style hair. They offer hair and makeup tips to accentuate a client’s best features. Some also provide manicures, pedicures, facials, hair removal, skincare and eyebrow shaping. Other duties include using appointment scheduling software, operating a cash register and recommending styling products. You should also know that beauticians need physical stamina to stand for long hours. Frequent bending over at shampoo bowl and repetitive movements of wrists when using styling tools can cause aches and pains. Inhaling and mixing harsh chemicals common in hair solutions requires adequate ventilation and careful handling to avoid respiratory problems and skin irritation.

Most beauticians work in beauty salons. A few are employed at hotels and spas. Typically, the setting is pleasant, comfortable and relaxed. Whether you are just starting out, renting a booth in a shop or managing your own salon income may vary considerably from week to week, depending on the season, specials that competitors offer or weather-related appointment cancellations.

12. Domestic Tailoring

A professional sewing course to develop your basic machine sewing skills to professional standard. It focuses on how to make lightweight garments for women looking at the techniques used in top-quality ready-to-wear pieces, tackling cut-work organisations, garment assembly and handling methods which are crucial in saving time and raising standards.

13. Confectionery & Bakery

The professional Confectionery baking and sweets course is a comprehensive training course with a detailed focus on the contemporary confectionery baking and sweets concepts. The training provides conceptual theoretical knowledge combined with hands on training preparing students for a rewarding career in the.

In professional confectionery and baking sweets course students begin their training with kitchen terminology, measuring and scaling techniques and launch their practical skill training in artisan breads, pastry dough and batters, cookies, fillings and chocolates.

The careers available for aspirants who have completed a course in baking can vary widely depending on their experience and if they have additional academic credits. Some potential job titles may include artisan bread baker, caterer, cake designer, chocolatier, baking assistant and pastry chef. There are additional opportunities for students with a business or entrepreneurial background. For them, titles may include bakery owner, kitchen manager, baking teacher and pastry developer. Students interested in a baking career can start looking for courses now, whether they are looking for a local or international program.

14. Graphic Designing

This course opens up opportunities for students who are seeking career in the field of graphic design. It introduces creative, functional and aesthetic role of graphic design in print industry. By understanding the basics of design principles, students develop their ability to communicate messages through meaningful visuals. Typography is the most important component of graphic design and students study history of type, type anatomy and typographic terms while examining design compositions, type styles and the use of font in print design. This course develops an understanding of process of design thinking to create ideas/concepts and critical attitude towards the organization and structure of text and image-based design.

Graphic Design course covers the fundamental concepts of visual design which enable participants to design brochures, backdrops, logos, typography, infographics, presentation images etc. The course covers introduction to creative thinking & getting hands-on experience on Adobe Photoshop and Illustrator. The curriculum is highly engaging and full of practical design assignments ensuring the participants make a design portfolio by the end of the course.

15. Kashigari

Originating from Iran, Kashi is one of the oldest handicrafts of Sindh. Kashi is a term applied to enamelled work on the Terracotta base. Kashi is a Persian word which means designating to the tiles or trimmed to the form of pieces of faience serving to cover entire, or partial fabric of a building principally decorative. A special technique is applied to prepare the blue colour from a mixture of cobalt oxide and copper oxide. In Pakistan, the main centres of Kashigari is in Multan, Lahore, Thatta, Hala, Nasarpur, Mahra Sharif and Dera Ismail Khan. However, due to lack of resources, the art is fading in the region.

Tile art came to Portugal in the 16th century and made a lasting impact on its cultural heritage. Azulejo is a Spanish and Portuguese art of painting tin-glazed ceramic tiles that is found on the interior and exterior of churches, palaces, ordinary houses, schools and nowadays, restaurants, bars and even railways or subway stations.

Senior artists Ahmed Habib, Zia Zaidi and Riffat Khattak, as well as upcoming artist Ayesha Hassan, have used different patterns, geometrical figures such as triangles, pentagons and hexagons and leaves and flowers inspired by the ‘kashigari’ art of Hala in Sindh, used on shrines and mosques with Azulejo.

16. Machine Embroidery

Machine embroidery is an embroidery process whereby a sewing machine or embroidery machine is used to create patterns on textiles. It is used commercially in product branding, corporate advertising and uniform adornment. It is also used in the fashion industry to decorate garments and apparel. Machine embroidery is used by hobbyists and crafters to decorate gifts, clothing and home decor. Examples include designs on quilts, pillows and wall hangings.

There are multiple types of machine embroidery. Free-motion sewing machine embroidery uses a basic zigzag sewing machine. Designs are done manually. Most commercial embroidery is done with link stitch embroidery. In link stitch embroidery, patterns may be manually or automatically controlled. Link Stitch embroidery is also known as chenille embroidery and is patented by Pulse Microsystems. More modern computerized machine embroidery uses an embroidery machine or sewing/embroidery machine that is controlled with a computer that embroiders stored patterns. These machines may have multiple heads and threads.

Most modern embroidery machines are computer controlled and specifically engineered for embroidery. Industrial and commercial embroidery machines and combination sewing-embroidery machines have a hooping or framing system that holds the framed area of fabric taut under the sewing needle and moves it automatically to create a design from a pre-programmed digital embroidery pattern. Depending on its capabilities, the machine requires varying degrees of user input to read and sew embroidery designs. Sewing-embroidery machines generally have only one needle and require the user to change thread colors during the embroidery process. Multi-needle industrial machines are generally threaded prior to running the design and do not require re-threading.

17. Web Designing

Web designing refers to the design of websites that are displayed on the internet. It usually refers to the user experience aspects of website development rather than software development. Web designing is used to be focused on designing websites for desktop browsers.

Web designing encompasses the skills and disciplines in production and maintenance of websites. The areas of web designing include web graphic design, interface design, authoring including standardised code and proprietary software, user experience design and search engine optimization. The individuals work for web designing coveres all aspects of designing process although some designers cover them all. The term web designing is used to describe the design process relating to the front-end (Client Side) designing of a website including writing mark-up. Web designing partially overlaps web engineering in the broader scope of web development. Web designers are expected to have an awareness of usability and if their role involves creating mark-up then they are also expected to be up to date with web accessibility guidelines.

Everything about website including content, way it looks and way it works is determined by the website design. Web design is a process of conceptualizing, planning and building a collection of electronic files that determine the layout, colours, text styles, structure, graphics, images and use of interactive features that deliver pages to site visitors.

A web designer works on appearance, layout and content of a website. Appearance, for instance, relates to colours, font and images used. Layout refers to how information is structured and categorized. A good web designing is easy to use, aesthetically pleasing, and suits the user group and brand of website. Webpages are designed with a focus on simplicity so that no extraneous information and functionality that may distract or confuse users appears. As keystone of a web designer’s output is a site that wins and fosters the trust of target audience, removing as many potential points of user frustration as possible is a critical consideration.

Two of the most common methods for designing websites that work well both on desktop and mobile are responsive and adaptive design. In responsive design, content moves dynamically depending on screen size. In adaptive design, the website content is fixed in layout sizes that match common screen sizes. Preserving a layout that is as consistent as possible between devices is crucial to maintaining user trust and engagement. As responsive design can present difficulties in this regard, designers must be careful in relinquishing control of how their work will appear.

 

 

18. Textile Designing

The role of textile designing is to design and produce an agreed timetable, an agreed number of commercially viable fabric designs. Art of textile designing is as old as beginning of mankind. Nowadays, different types of companies are involved in production of textiles and clothing and have huge manufacturing plants in different countries. Since Pakistan is 4th largest cotton producer in the world, the textile industry is backbone of Pakistan economy. There is good scope in the field of textile designing in Pakistan. Approximately there are more than 1000 textile mills and exporters in Pakistan located in major cities like Karachi, Faisalabad, Lahore, Gujranwala and Sialkot. Textile designing can be divided into the categories like (a) Colour specialist who predicts and forecasts future colour ranges, (b) Story designers, (c) Knitted fabric designer, (d) Woven fabric designer, (e) Carpet designer, (f) Print designer, (g) Embroidery designer, (h) Knitwear designer, (i) Garment designer, (j) Accessories designer and (k) Stylist.

19. Apparel Designing

Apparel designing conceptualize and create clothing items. Students specialize in one type of design casual, evening or active wear. It prepares students to meet the requirements of fashion industry and articulate their own vision through clothing they design and make. Emphasizing conceptual rigor matched by strong artistic and technical skills, the program guides majors through each stage of the apparel design process from concept sketches to beautifully executed wearable. It explores a range of materials and learns pattern of drafting, draping and construction while becoming adept at using industry software to design and render clothing. Practical skill-building is supported by examination of historical and cultural context with grounding in workings of fashion industry. Apparel designing and product development professionals design sportswear, suits, dresses, coats, accessories and everything else people wear. Designers research colour and style trends to create concepts and sketches for fashions one to two years in advance of market. Some create new garment styles while others adapt styles from a previous season. We have useful information on what students can do with a degree in Apparel Designing including skills, career planning and possible careers such as (a) Apparel engineer, (b) Apparel designer, (c) Technical designer, (d) Product developer, (e) Colour/Trend forecaster, (f) Brand manager, (g) Computer aided design specialist, (h) Pattern maker, (i) Specifications coordinator, (j) Fabric/Trim coordinator, (k) Cost/Production manager, (l) Product quality assurance engineer, (m) Theatre costume designer and (n) Costume shop supervisor.

20. Tourism & Hospitality

Degrees in tourism and hospitality may also be referred to as hotel management, hotel and tourism / management. It encompasses hotels, restaurants, cruise ships, amusement parks, destination marketing, organizations, convention centres and country clubs. Core subjects include accounting, administration, finance, information systems, marketing, human resource management, public relations, strategy, quantitative methods and sectorial studies.

As a vast, dynamic and growing industry, hospitality and tourism provides tremendous opportunity for ambitious students who enjoy working with people. It is important that those seeking careers as successful professionals develop a strong business foundation and customer service skills. Today program is offered by variety of vocational schools, community colleges and both public and private universities. Tourism and hospitality graduates pursue career in airline manager, cruise staff, hotel manager, event organiser or travel counsellor.

21. Media Studies

Media study deals with content, history and effects of mass media. Researchers may also develop and employ theories and methods from disciplines including cultural studies, rhetoric (including digital rhetoric), philosophy, literary theory, psychology, political science, political economy, economics, sociology, anthropology, social theory, art history, film theory, feminist theory and information theory. Film, TV and media studies are designed for students passionate about a career in Television, Film or related screen-based industries. Bachelor of TV, Film & Media Studies is hands-on & project-based program allowing students to have practical production experience.

Capacity Building

Continuous Performance Management for Enhancing Professional Productivity via Capacity Building Training Program is key feature of Bright Vision. These services intend to apply the best practices and standards based global paradigm with regard to knowledge, skills and meaningful personalized attitude toward profession, job performance and productivity enhancement in order to raise and meet the standards of education and institutions up to dynamic role in future. Obviously, lack of updated research based knowledge, growing self-managerial skills, passive skills and low morale of professionalism have correlation to productivity. In educational institutions who have taken this value addition services, the benefits are almost immediate. Staff, if get trained, keep engaged to increase performance and productivity constructively.

“Marcus Buckingham (First, Break All the Rules) asserts that ‘People Leave People, Not Organizations”.

Diversity in Employees and Work

The reason our employees play a crucial role in advancement of our institutions is that they are the ones who interact on daily basis with people. Think of it the way: our people are actually the last hands that face to serve. If we want to ensure quality work, our people must have updated and instrumental professional skills.

“Stephen Covey explains it: In a top-down management system, employees do not interact with executives, but multiple times a day they interact with their direct managers and that is the reason front-line employees are ones who need training. They have the most influence over morale, commitment, engagement, performance and productivity”.

Front-line Employees

Front-line employees have the single largest impact on institutions. An employee brings significant healthy changes in performance, satisfaction, productivity, efficiency and overall image-branding of institutions. If we have to serve the common cause, it goes without saying that continuous capacity building is a smart move.

Dynamic Leadership

Dynamic leadership does not just happen. Employees do not inherently know how to manage delicate personnel issues and effectively encourage themselves and others. Moreover, capable and effective employees have to be trained to stay updated in employment practices, workplace productivity, safety requirements and multitude of other trends keeping the quality of life in view.

Practical Learning Outcomes

Instrumental participation in workshops will enable you to integrate following Practical Learning Outcomes (PLOs):

Building Capacity

Through continuous professional development, teacher experience the significant impact with regard to professional teaching attitude. They feel more empowered towards subject-matter mastery and welcome even the critical enquires from the student.

Experienced Mentoring

According to the best practices and paradigm, capacity building of teacher helps them to apply their potential in mentoring the student with respect to holistic development of students, parents, teachers and institution.

Context of Teaching

Capacity building provides opportunity by allowing teachers time to learning of practical aspect of concept, problem, question and subject-specific content for students to get mastery in real classroom teaching.

Proactive Approach / Preventive Measures

After capacity building, teachers practice efficiently to manage the common day-to-day academic and behavioural issues of students that have direct influence on academic and social development of students.

Innovation and Result

In real classroom teaching, constraints including the time, rarely allow teacher to use innovative learning methods of students to get mastery over topic. Hence, an out-standing result can be secured yet incorporating new learning techniques.

Knowledge, Skill and Attitude-KSA

A refined attitude to deliver and inculcate a rewarding skill set based on objective and subject knowledge is possible only due to the professional development of teachers.

 

Glossary of Education

A

Attitude Learning

The mental state shaping our behaviour either positive or negative based on attitudinal predisposition.

Active Learning

The students’ deliberate learning through observation, instructions, physical activities, reading and listening.

Agile Management

It is based on philosophy of iterative management which states that innovative products/services require constant refinement through iterative experimentation.

Attitudinal Barriers

Discrimination on basis of gender, race or religion hampers communication. Prejudice, suspicion and emotional aggression affect communication. They arise because of refusal to change. Effective listening, feedback, problem-solving and being open to change can help you to eliminate attitudinal barriers in communication.

Affiliation & Social Motivation

Humans are social creation and social motivation also known as affiliation motivation stating that people are motivated by social factors like belonging and acceptance. Human has innate desire to connect with others and social motivation causes to seek connections by contributing to society. Evolutionary psychology tells us that human is motivated by social factors. For this reason, it is important to seek new connections as well as continue to grow the connections you already have. Finding people who love and accept you can motivate you to new heights and result in true happiness.

Approach

Approach can be defined as looking teaching-learning process based on set of beliefs and principles about nature of learning which is translated into classroom. Approach leads to choosing the methods or techniques to help learners. Students in modern classroom learn through techniques drawn from variety of approaches/methods labelled an ‘eclectic approach’. Teachers select techniques according to varying needs of their students.

Alternative Assessment

The measuring what students know and are able to do other than traditional tests. Written reports, projects, experiment report, portfolios, collections of students’ work and class participation are examples of this assessment.

Alternate Assessment System (AAS)

The system designed and administered to students for assessment of students’ learning: language, memory, attention, reasoning, abstract thinking, judgment, problem solving, sensory, perceptual & motor abilities, psychosocial behavior, physical functions, information processing and speech.

Associative Learning

It occurs when students makes connections between stimuli/events that occur together in environment. It is central to basic learning processes i.e. classical conditioning/learning tends to involve unconscious processes, conditioning/learning tends to involve conscious processes and observational learning adds social as well as cognitive layers to associative processes

Alternative School

The school established to educate students whose needs are not met in traditional public schools.

Advancement via Individual Determination (AVID)

AVID is designed to assess school students' general educational development and their ability to complete college level work.

Apprenticeship

On-job training under the supervision of trade professional.

Aptitude Test

A test predicting (Assess) a person's ability to do job.

Assessment

A standardized testing process used to measure the students’ knowledge.

Associate Degree

A degree awarded to students after completing two-year course of study in college.

Average

Usual, expected or ordinary performance.

 

Average Daily Attendance (ADA)

The number of students’ attendance divided by total number of days in regular schooling.

Ability Grouping

Assigning students with similar skills to learning groups.

Absence

Any part of school day when student is not in school.

Academic Achievement

What a student has learned from classroom instructions.

Academic Advisor

The member of teaching staff assigned to provide schooling to students.

Accountability

Schools staff is responsible for students’ achievement and maintain the required standard of school to ensure that school meets the defined standards of education.

Accreditation

The recognition of person/organization meets requirements to deliver instruction.

Accuracy

The ability to correctly read, write and solve problems.

Achievement Gap

A consistent difference in academic test scores between groups of students.

Achievement Tests

The tests used to measure how much students have learned in various school subjects.

Adequate Yearly Progress (AYP)

The optimum level of improvement that schools must achieve yearly.

Administrator

An employee i.e. principal who is responsible for managing a school or program.

Advisory Group

A group of students meet regularly with school staff to discuss school work.

Affective

A term which refers to emotions and attitude.

 

 

After-school Program

Educational program runs by schools to provide recreational learning activities to students after the end of regular school day or on weekends.

Asynchronous Collaboration

Asynchronous where the interaction can be time-shifted as when uploading documents or annotations to shared workspaces or making contributions.

Active Teaching-learning Approach

An approach which engages students in learning process through activities that stresses in higher-order thinking as opposed to passively listening.

Asynchronous Instructional Material

Asynchronous instructions foster students’ learning similar at different time and location and is often associated with online learning where students complete reading, assignment and project at their own pace and chosen time. This approach is particularly useful when students are spread across different time zones.

Authentic Assessment

The assessment in which learners demonstrate learning by applying their knowledge to authentic, complex, real-world tasks or simulations. Proponents of authentic assessment argue that these types of checks help students rehearse for the complex ambiguities of adult and professional life.

Academic Intervention Services (AIS)

The services required to provide additional support to students who are not meeting the learning standards.

Attitude Motivation

Attitude motivation is cultivated through the desire to change the way you think and feel. People motivated by attitude engage in actions and interactions with the express intent of making themselves and the people around them feel better in positive and uplifting way e.g. if you are motivated to work for a non-profit or volunteer because making people feel good makes you feel good, you are motivated by a change in attitude. Similarly, if you are teacher and you get joy out of helping your students grow and succeed, you are also taking part in attitude motivation.

 

 

Achievement Motivation

People are driven by the desire to pursue and achieve specific goals. People who are driven by achievement motivation desire to achieve a task or goal itself not necessarily because of attached reward. For example, teacher may develop students for the goal of nurturing a healthy citizen, not necessarily because of fame involved. If you are driven by achievement motivation, you are typically self-motivated, meaning that you value the process of getting better more than the end result itself.

Annual Professional Performance Review (APPR)

An annual evaluation of staff that conducts in accordance with laws regulations.

Analysis

Analysis is the process of breaking a complex topic/substance into smaller parts in order to get better understanding.

Average Daily Attendance

The aggregate attendance during the reporting period divided by the number of schooling days in an academic session.

Assertive Mindedness

Optimism is a learnt mental state. In order to keep you motivated, optimism should be learnt and sustained. The first step to learning optimism is to acknowledge the moments when you are being pessimistic. Once you have been acknowledged, you have the power to debate pessimism away.

Accessibility

A barrier-free environment where students even with disabilities can have maximum participation in programs and activities offered in school setting.

Accommodations

Changes in the way instruction, assessment and instructional materials are designed and used to respond to the needs of students.

Adaptive Skills

Age appropriate self-help skills including independent eating, toileting, personal hygiene and dressing skills.

Administrative Hearing

A formal process for parents and school to resolve disagreements about discipline and education services.

Assistive Technology Device

Any piece of equipment or product used to increase, improve or maintain the abilities of a child with a disability.

Assistive Technology Service

Any service that directly assists a child with a disability in using or choosing an Assistive Technology Device.

Attention Deficit Disorder (ADD)

Children diagnosed with attention deficit disorder tend to have problems in staying on task and focusing on conversations or activities.

Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)

Children with ADD who are also hyperactive may be diagnosed with ADHD. Hyperactivity, a disorder of central nervous system, makes it difficult for affected children to control their motor activities and they move rapidly from one task to another without completing any of them.

Audiology

A service addresses the impact of hearing loss for student in educational setting through evaluation, identification, modifications, maintenance of student and classroom equipment or devices and other services.

Autism

A developmental disability affecting verbal and non-verbal communication and social interactions that is often observed before age. It is part of a group of disorders known as autism spectrum disorders (ASD). These disorders are often characterized by impaired communication skills and social abilities and by repetitive behaviors. Symptoms can range from very mild to quite severe.

Aversive Intervention Plan

A plan describes the systematic use of treatment which student finds unpleasant for the purpose of discouraging undesirable behavior on the part of student. The purpose of an aversive intervention plan is to assure that students eligible for special education are safeguarded against the use and misuse of various forms of aversive interventions. Aversive interventions should not be used with student until a plan is developed to clearly define what specific aversive interventions will be used, how often and under what circumstances.

B

Brain Storming

It is a group centred interaction which focuses on collecting the data and ideas through group discussion in a creative way.

Basic Education Data System (BEDS)

The system for collecting basic information on elementary and secondary schools.

Backwards Design

A process starts with instructors identifying students’ learning goals in order to design course content and assessment.

Blended/Hybrid Course

The classes in which some percentage of seat time has been reduced and replaced with online content and activities. This course continues to meet in person for some percentage of class time but content, activities, assessments and other ways for students to engage with content are delivered online. It is important that these courses are intentionally designed to utilize both in person and online class time to achieve effective student learning.

Behavior Modification in Children

Parents and teachers use behavior modification techniques to change behavior. Behavior modification uses the principles of operant conditioning/learning to accomplish behavioral change so that undesirable behaviors are switched to socially acceptable ones. Some teachers and parents create a chart in which several behaviors are listed. Charts are a form of token economies, as described in the text. Each time children perform the behavior, they get a chart and after a certain number of charts, they get a prize or reinforcer. The goal is to increase acceptable behaviors and decrease maladaptive behavior. In the classroom, the teacher can reinforce a wide range of behaviors, from students raising their hands, to walking quietly in the hall, to turning in their homework. At home, parents may create a behavior chart that rewards children for things such as putting away toys, brushing their teeth and helping with dinner. In order to make the behavior modification effective, reinforcement needs to be connected with the behavior; reinforcement must matter to the child and be done consistently.

 

Benefits of Spoken Communication

Spoken communication is a conversation, meeting or even speech which allows for input from every part of communication model. You encode your thoughts into spoken word and look to your audience to decode and understand the message. You can ask for feedback directly to confirm understanding of your message. In a world where we do most of our talking by email and text, spoken communication is a breath of fresh air. Leverage the power of spoken communication to create relationships, you can establish a rapport and a sense of trust with your audience when you speak with them. It allows you to walk away from conversation with a higher degree of certainty that your message is received.

Bloom’s Taxonomy

A cognitive framework of learning hierarchically structured in six categories: knowledge, comprehension, application, analysis, evaluation and synthesis. It is often used as helpful tool to create learning objectives that help in defining and measuring the learning experience for both student and instructor. It has three learning domains as under:

• Cognitive (Head) stresses on mental/intellectual development of students.
• Affective (Heart) emphasis on emotional growth of students.
• Psychomotor (Hand) narrates learning through practical skills.

Basing the head, heart and hand, it also called 3H taxonomy.

Bachelor’s Degree

A certificate awarded after completing four years full time study courses.

Basic Skills

The fundamental skills needed to succeed in school and eventually in life. These skills include the ability to read, write and calculate.

Below Average

Under the usual, expected or ordinary quality or performance.

Benchmark

The students’ performance should show by a particular point in their schooling.

 

 

Best Practices

Classroom instructional strategies demonstrated and accepted by professional community to improve student learning.

Bilingual Education

School program where two languages are used to teach the curriculum so that students gain knowledge of both languages.

Block Scheduling

It is usually used in middle/high school allowing students to have fewer classes per day and longer time in each class.

Boosters

A volunteer organization usually parents and alumni whose sole objective is to provide ongoing financial assistance in support of schools’ co-curricular programs, for example athletic program boosters.

Bulletin

A printed news publication.

Bullying

Repeated maladaptive behavior that student uses to take advantage of someone. A bully is someone who uses bullying behavior.

Build Self-esteem

You will succeed if you develop confidence, so recognize each small thing you accomplish, realize that value has come from you and reside in you.

Baseline Data

The level at which skill or behavior occurs before an intervention is implemented. Baseline data should be collected at the beginning of assessment and used to compare against post-intervention data to determine the change as a result of intervention.

Behavior Intervention Plan

The plan of action designed and implemented to address behavior that may negatively impact the success of student. The plan includes positive strategies, program modifications and supports that address students’ disruptive behaviors and allows the child to be educated in the least restrictive environment (LRE).

C

Career

A gradual progress throughout the life called career. There are two major phase of career 1) student/learning/academic phase and 2) professional/occupational career.

Career Counseling

The scientific process empowering the students in choosing the suitable academic and professional path in the light of aptitude, personality and intellectual capacity.

Competence & Learning Motivation

Competence motivation also called learning motivation states that people are motivated by the process itself rather than by the reward. The people motivated by competence motivation are literally motivated by the act of learning or getting better as they move towards the completion of goal. For example, if you want a promotion because you will learn valuable skills and not because of higher salary, you are motivated by competence or learning motivation. This is an extremely valuable motivator and should be used in almost any motivational strategy. This is because new skills are valuable than even money because, unlike material things, they are assets that no one can take away from you.

Creative Motivation

People are motivated by creativity or innate drive for creative expression. When you are motivated by the desire to express yourself, you are tapping into creative motivation e.g. creative motivation include things in which you feel compelled to create such as the motivation to write a book, be an exemplary Muslim, build a product or start a job. Whether you want the entire world to see your art or just a few people, anything you create in an attempt at self-expression is driven by creative motivation.

Classroom Management

It refers to skills that teachers use to keep students organized, attentive and academically productive in classroom. When classroom management is applied effectively, teachers are successful in minimizing the behaviors that impede learning of students while maximizing the behaviors that facilitate or enhance learning. Generally speaking, effective teachers tend to display strong classroom management strategies whereas inexperienced teachers has a disorderly classroom filled with students who are not paying attention.

Conducive Learning Environment

The classroom setting enabling exchange of ideas, thoughts and skills among the teachers and learners to achieve the SLOs by considering the physical, psychological, social and cultural needs of the learners.

Computer Skills

Computer skills are divided into two categories 1) hardware skills and 2) software skills.

Computer Hardware Skills

Hardware skills allow you to physically operate a computer and can be as simple as knowing how to turn devices on and off. These may also involve more complex tasks like connecting machines to networks, changing parts or fixing broken devices.

Computer Software Skills

These skills help you to use computer programs and applications efficiently. Some of the software skills that employers may consider as prerequisites to employment. Employers may not include some software skills on job posts under the assumption they are universally understood. For example, many employers may believe all applicants have a basic knowledge of word processing programs, like Microsoft Word.

Cohort

The group of students educated at the same time i.e. grade level or class of students.

Co-teaching

An instructional structure in which two teachers are equally accountable for class.

Core Curriculum

The body of knowledge that all students are expected to learn.

Cognitive Development

The way we think, process information and learn is called cognitive development. It is operated by sensory perception, memory and observation from the birth.

Cognitive Learning

The mental process involves in learning such as remembering and understanding facts.

Competence/Achievement Tests

Tests created by school for students and is must to pass before promotion to next class.

Complex Sentences

Sentences with more than one clause or verbal phrase.

Comprehension

A term used to describe the interpretations what readers assimilate after reading.

Content Standards

Standards that describe what students be able to do in academic subjects at each grade.

Content-related Vocabulary

The words a student must know to communicate effectively about subject such as math, social studies, science, etc.

Context Clues

The words, phrases and sentences surrounding the unfamiliar vocabulary which helps the students to arrive at possible definition.

Credit

A unit of coursework given for satisfactory completion of the course.

Classroom Assessment Techniques (CATs)

A learner-centred, teacher-directed, mutually beneficial, formative, context-specific, ongoing, firmly rooted and good practicing approach designed to help teachers in assessing how well students are learning in classroom through gathering formative feedback from students.

Classroom Climate

The intellectual, social, emotional and physical environments in which students learn. This climate is determined by factors like faculty-student interaction, tone of instructor, course demographics and student-student interactions.

Cognitive Load

The demands and limitations on working memory that can occur simultaneously in the verbal and visual processing channels of brain.

Collaborative Learning

An umbrella term covering different methods in which students work together to solve a problem, complete a task or create a product. Collaborative learning is founded in concept that learning and knowledge building is social and requires active engagement from students.

Constructivism

The theory of learning which argues that knowledge is actively constructed rather than passively absorbed by learners. Constructivists contend that when learners acquire new knowledge, it is through a dynamic process in which learner recreates existing mental models, situating this new information in terms of what they already know. Social constructivists additionally recognize the role of social interaction (co-construction) and communication as key forces in learning. Foundational constructivists include John Dewey, Lev Vygotsky and Jean Piaget. Constructivist pedagogical strategies are grounded in constructivist theory include opportunities for experiential learning, active exploration, student interaction and reflection.

Culturally Responsive Pedagogy

A pedagogical framework where instructors centre students’ cultural identities as an important aspect of learning. Those committed to this framework deliberately work to make connections between courses content and students’ lived experiences in order to prompt student involvement and motivation. Culturally responsive course design includes cooperative, student-centred instruction and diverse course readings from a variety of voices and perspectives, particularly those voices which may fall outside of traditional collegiate canons.

Calendar Day

Refers to all days of the year, including weekends and holidays.

Career & Technical Education (CTE)

Classes allowing students to get credit for training in a skill or trade at high school. CTE classes may be held on-site or at a skill centre.

Character Education

A method that teaches students about basic human values.

Charter School

A school that is run by a group of organizers other than the school board and free from most state and local regulations.

Classroom Management

The way a classroom is organized to make instructional time productive for students.

Class Size

The number of students enrolled in a school classroom.

Closed Campus

A school where students are not allowed to leave school grounds during the school day.

Communication

A process to exchange the information between sender and receiver through common system of words, symbols, signs or behaviors. It is transfer of ideas, thoughts or emotions from one person/group to another and is an integral part of our society. It is a two-way process to knowing and understanding the others’ perspective in which both parties have to be an active while exchanging ideas or information usually leads to logical conclusion.

Creating Mutual Bonding

Communication creates long-lasting mutual bonds.

Creating Strong Influence

Communication has a great influence on the human psychology. Do you know why biopics such as ”Boom Boom and Ufone Tum Hi To Ho” bring attractive influence. The real reason is that these words strike a chord in your heart. They inspire you and add value to your life through constructive communication.

Continuity in Communication

Communication flows continuously depending upon its content and context. Classroom teachings, group discussions, coffee break conversations, counseling sessions and question-answer sessions are examples of an ongoing cycle of communication which is rewarding for personal and professional growth.

Cognitive

A term refers to reasoning or intellectual capacity.

Cognitive Development

The changes in the way children think, process information and learn as they grow up.

Cognitive Learning

The mental process involves in learning as remembering and understanding.

Collaboration

Individuals working together to accomplish goals.

 

Collaborative Learning

An instructional strategy where students of different abilities and interests work together in small groups to solve a problem, complete project, or achieve a common goal.

Competence Tests

Tests created by school that students must pass before promoting to next level.

Computer-assisted Instruction (CAI)

Educational programs delivered through the use of educational software.

Conflict Management

A strategy that is used to prevent and address conflict.

Conflict Resolution

A practice based understanding that there are various perspectives to solve a problem.

Continuous Progress

A system of education in which individuals or small groups of students go through the sequence of lessons at their own pace rather than at the pace of the entire classroom group.

Criterion-referenced Tests

The tests designed to measure how thoroughly a student has learned a particular subject compared to an established benchmark.

Critical Thinking

Logical thinking based on sound evidence.

Cultural Competence

A set of attitude, awareness, knowledge and skills that enables effective teaching in racially, culturally and socio-economically diverse classrooms.

Curriculum

The subject matter to be learnt by students which are also known as National Goals.

Curriculum Materials

Text, audio, video and/or electronic media used to teach the curriculum or subject area.

Cut of Score

The minimum score needed to pass a test.

 

Cyber Schools

Educational institutions which offer most or all instruction by computer.

Constructive Approach

Students are taught to be trained to construct knowledge and comprehend the meaning out of what they are taught by connecting it with prior knowledge and experiences.

Collaborative Approach

This approach welcomes group work teaming, partnership and group discussion in order to make the leaning mature and long term.

Counseling

A professional relationship based on confidentiality and non-discriminatory attitude for empowerment of students in domains of academic achievements, personality growth, social intelligence (I.Q. & E.Q.) management, career development and spiritualism. Counseling services may be deliver to students in both individual and group counseling as well as in classroom guidance format as well for sensitization at bigger level.

Concept Learning

The learning associated with higher order cognitive processes like intelligence, thinking, reasoning, etc. which we learn right from our childhood. Concept learning involves the processes of abstraction and generalization which is useful for identifying or recognizing things.

Channels of Communication

Uses of single channel for communication i.e. human voice (Verbal Communication) which speaks a single word at a time and use of multiple channels for communication including your entire body, facial expressions and tone of voice (Non-verbal Communication).

Consciousness in Communication

Verbal communication is a conscious which involves thinking, processing and articulating whereas non-verbal communication happens on an unconscious level. One doesn’t really think about it actively.

Communication Barrier

Mirha had to make a presentation on project. She had worked hard on in front of bigwigs. Everything was going fine, sudden the moment came, Mirha went blank. She suddenly lost her train of thought and stood there trying to remember the next point. Thankfully, her favorite quote came to her rescue: “F.A.I.L. means First Attempt in Learning, E.N.D. means Effort Never Dies and N.O. means Next Opportunity”. So let’s be positive. She remembered the link between the two points, she was making and continued with her presentation. What Mirha faced that day is something called a ‘Communication Barrier’ which hinders the communication flow between two or more people or groups. It can occur at any stage and make the process of relaying key information less effective which can jeopardize your success. Let’s understand different barriers to effective communication.

Cultural Barriers

The global market has opened up lots of opportunities. However, due to cultural barriers, students often miss out on these opportunities. Language differences can lead to misinterpretations, the activity of labeling people can create stereotypes, and behavioral patterns can form mental blocks. Also, different cultures in different places can turn into strong communication barriers. So, how would you handle such cultural barriers? Conscious nurturing of cross-cultural sensitivity is the answer.

Classical Conditioning/Learning

In classical conditioning/learning, the process of learning is described as a Stimulus-Response connection or association. This model has been explained with the help of Pavlov’s Classic Experiment, in which the food was used as the natural stimulus which was paired with the previously neutral stimuli that’s a bell in this case. By establishing an association between the natural stimulus (food) and the neutral stimuli (sound of the bell), the desired response can be elicited.

Collaboration

Collaboration is a working practice whereby students work together for a common purpose to achieve benefit.

Change of Placement

A change of placement occurs anytime a student is, for disciplinary reasons, removed from the placement identified for more than 10 days. A change of placement may also occur if the team meets and decides that services should be provided in different location. It is not a change of placement if the school moves the student from one general education classroom to another or from one resource room to another.

Cognitive Development

The ability to think and is often thought of in terms of intelligence.

Communication Development

The ability to effectively use or understand age- appropriate language, including vocabulary, grammar, and speech sounds.

Consent

When parent or guardian understands and agrees in writing to evaluation, the provision of education services or to release educational records for their student. Granting consent is voluntary and can be revoked at any time. The parent should be fully informed of all information relevant to the activity for which consent is sought, in his/her native language or other mode of communication

Continuum of Services

The range of services which must be available to the students so that they may be served in the least restrictive environment. School management must have the opportunity to consider placement in the general education classroom, special education classroom, home or hospital setting with whatever supports or services that are necessary.

D

Discrimination Learning

Learning which distinguishes between various topics with its appropriate and different content is regarded as discrimination stimuli.

Direct Method

This is a teacher-directed method which emphasizes on teaching / pedagogical skills and each explaining step shows the mastery of teacher on content, examples, topic and subject. Students learn the lessons with the involved procedures of the topic.

Deductive Method

A teacher dominated method which begins with the abstract rule, generalization, principles and ends up with specific examples and concrete details after covering a wider details and scope of subject matter. In this method learning is a passive process as learners do not take part in generation of conclusion or generalization. Students perform exercises after explanation.

Development Team

This will be your functional specialists, all collaborating on a daily basis to construct a facet (or perhaps the entirety) of a new piece of software. In scrum, this is quite often cross-functional.

Diverse Communication

When meeting an old friend at a cafe, you usually begin the conversation with an informal, “So what’s up?”. But when you begin class with “Dear Students/Sir/Madam”. During a class, your body language speaks a lot about your confidence and your presentation proves your competence. There are various tools of communication verbal, non-verbal, formal and informal. Then it is interpersonal or professional communication. Every type of communication serves a specific purpose. Mastering these diverse communication tools makes you a more effective communicator.

Data-driven Decision Making

Analysis of data to identify educational strengths/weaknesses to plan and implement improvements in student achievement as well as monitoring trends and using the information to make decisions about the effectiveness of continuation or changes in curriculum, programs, procedures and policies.

 

Dynamic Communication

Communication is an ever-evolving process. You discuss with well-informed, enriched and constructive person. That is why you share an excellent rapport with a certain students, but are at a loss for words with another.

Detention

A disciplinary action which leads to removal of student from classroom to another designated space within the school.

Developmentally Appropriate

Curriculum and instruction based on the mental and physical development of the student.

Developmental Screening Tests

The tests used to identify students who have physical, behavioral and/or developmental disabilities or delays or sensory impairments.

Dynamic Indicators of Basic Early Literacy Skills (DIBELS)

A testing tool which helps teachers to determine at what level students stands mentally.

Decoding

The process of translating individual letters or groups of letters into sounds so that the reader can pronounce.

Descriptive Sentences

Sentences that contain modifying words or phrases

Differentiated Instruction

An instructional technique that includes various ways to teach content and assess learning. It is used to meet student needs and differences in readiness, interests and learning styles.

Develop a Conclusion and Preview

Go over the material covered in class by summarizing the main points of the lesson. You can do this in a number of ways: you can state the main points yourself (Today we talked about), you can ask a student to help you summarize them or you can even ask all students to write down on a piece of paper what they think were the main points of the lesson. You can review the students’ answers to gauge their understanding of the topic and then explain anything unclear the following class. Conclude the lesson not only by summarizing the main points, but also by previewing the next lesson.

Diploma

A certificate conferred by institution as recognition after completion of study program.

Direct Instruction

A teaching technique in which teachers present the content and students are expected to respond in a specific manner.

Discipline

All forms of corrective action or punishment used with students.

Distance Learning

Taking classes in locations other than classroom or places where teachers present the lessons including online, DVD or telecommuting.

Diversity

Diversity involves recognizing the variety of students’ characteristics including ethnicity, language, socioeconomic class, disabilities and gender.

Developmental Reading Assessment (DRA)

A tool used by teachers to assess and record Kindergarten to 3rd grade students' reading.

Dropouts

Students who leave school before primary.

Defeat Nervousness

Avoid from shyness. If you have not already, then you need to do so.

Dual-language Program

A school program designed to serve both language minority and language majority students at the same time. Students from two language groups receive instruction in both languages. Also known as Dual Immersion Program.

Dyslexia

A neurological learning disability characterized by difficulties with accurate and/or fluent word recognition and poor spelling and decoding abilities.

Direct Teaching Approach

In this approach, teachers directly tell or show or demonstrate what is teach to students.

Decoding the Communication

Verbal communication is fairly easy to decode if you understand the language and the words being used. When you pay close attention to the person who is speaking, you will understand what they are saying whereas non-verbal communication is a little harder to decode than verbal communication. You have to pay attention to many factors including the speaker’s body language, facial expressions and tone to decode what the other person is trying to convey.

Diary Keeping

Write a diary at night before sleeping. It works as both cathartic and enlightening.

Develop the Introduction

Because class students with different academic and personal experiences, they may already be familiar with topic. That is why teachers may start with a question or activity to gauge students’ knowledge of subject or possibly, their preconceived notions about it. Teachers can use a variety of approaches to engage students i.e. personal anecdote, historical event, thought-provoking dilemma, real-world example, short video clip, practical application, probing question, etc.

Deafness

Deafness means a hearing impairment that is so severe that student is impaired in processing linguistic information through hearing, with or without amplification that adversely affects the student's educational performance.

Developmental Delay

When a student does not reach their developmental milestones when expected. These can be major or minor delays. For a student aged 3-8 years old, this includes a child whose disability adversely affects educational performance in one or more of the following areas: Physical development, cognitive development, communication development, social or emotional development or adaptive development and shows delays of at least 2 standard deviations in one area or at least 1.5 standard deviations in 2 or more areas on standardized testing. For children and adults applying for Developmental Disability services, it includes a diagnosis of mental retardation, cerebral palsy, epilepsy, autism or another neurological condition closely related to mental retardation or that requires treatment similar to require for individuals with mental retardation which occurs before age 18, can be expected to continue indefinitely and results in substantial limitations to an individual’s intellectual or adaptive functioning.

Developmental Screening Tests

A tool used to identify disabilities, sensory impairments (Near-sightedness or reduced hearing), or behavioral and developmental disabilities.

Disability

A physical, sensory, cognitive or affective impairment that causes the student to need special education and related services.

Due Process of Law

It ensures that a person will be notified and have an opportunity to be heard before any public entity can change her/his rights.

Due Process Hearing

An administrative hearing presided over by an administrative law judge, not only in special education.

Dyslexia

A language-based disability that affects both oral and written language.

 

 

E

Educational Alignment

How well the skills and knowledge taught in schools match the requirements of National Learning Standards.

Eye Contact

Maintaining eye contact with students keeps them engaged in conversation. Good eye contact often conveys the trait of honesty.

Early Childhood Education

The education of pre-school age children.

Electronic Media

The different electronic sources i.e. television, web pages, e- mail, CDs, etc. that may provide information or be used to share information.

Emergency Expulsion

Immediate removal of a student from school or class for an indefinite period of time.

Emergent Literacy

The view that reading and writing begins at birth and is supported by adult interactions.

Emotional Development

The ways in which individuals learn to interact in socially acceptable ways, establish and maintain relationships and view themselves in positive ways.

Emotional Intelligence

The ability to recognize one’s own and others’ emotions. It helps students in identification of feelings, naming the emotions appropriately, use emotional information in a healthy direction and guide thinking & behavior in accordance with emotional state. emotional Intelligence also known as emotional quotient (E.Q) is latest behavioral model, rising to prominence with Daniel Goleman’s work on ‘Emotional Intelligence’. It is personal, social, professional and organizational development, because its principles provide directions to understand and assess people's behaviors, management styles, attitude, interpersonal skills and potential. E.Q emphasizes effective awareness, control and regulation of one's own emotions and those of other peoples including understanding of yourself, goals, thoughts, feelings and behaviors as well as understanding of others and their feelings.

Entrepreneurship

The art or science of innovation and risk-taking for profit in business.

Students can make them positively specialized by following the techniques:

Empathy

Sensing the emotions of others. The ability to step into the shoes of other persons, aiming to understand their feelings & perspectives and to use that understanding to guide our actions. Empathy encompasses both mental and emotional processes. It is natural, but it also can be learned. This habit can cultivate to improve the quality of lives. Practicing empathy can lead to a greater connection with others in which you become more loving and less judgmental. Empathy may be foster by the following means.

Enrichment

Topics and activities which are not considered part of basic education.

Environmental Education

Educational practices build the students’ awareness about natural world and how to protect it from hazards.

Equal Access

Non-discriminatory law which allows co-curricular participation of students in school.

Experiential Learning

A process to acquire knowledge and skills from experiences in outside the traditional academic setting which may be form internships, service learning, field studies and also may include study abroad, community-based learning and research opportunities.

Evaluate

To conduct a careful appraisal or study to determine its worth or value.

Extrinsic Motivation

Extrinsic motivation represents all the things that motivate you based on external rewards like money or praise. This motivation is common than intrinsic motivators and include achieving things due to a tangible incentive, fear, or expectation all of which depend on external factors e.g. people want to get a promotion because of the expected raise. Like intrinsic motivation, extrinsic motivation can sometimes be negative. For example, you can be motivated to perform better at your job due to fear of being fired. This shows that extrinsic motivation, like its high-level counterpart, has many different motivational-types that highlight specific external motivational driver and explains how effective it is at motivation. As you can see, motivation is more complex than simply categorizing it as either an internal or external incentive.

Early Intervention Services

Services that meet the needs of infants and toddlers with disabilities. Typically refers to services from birth to three years of age.

Emergency Expulsion

The removal of students when superintendent or designee has good and sufficient reason to believe that students’ presence poses an immediate and continuing danger to the student, to other students, or to school personnel, or an immediate and continuing threat of substantial disruption of educational process.

Emotional/Behavioral Disability

When the students exhibit one or more of the following characteristics over a long period of time and to a marked degree that adversely affects a student's educational performance: (A) An inability to learn that cannot be explained by intellectual, sensory, or health factors. (B) An inability to build or maintain satisfactory interpersonal relationships with peers and teachers. (C) Inappropriate types of behavior or feelings under normal circumstances. (D) A general pervasive mood of unhappiness or depression. (E) A tendency to develop physical symptoms or fears associated with personal or school problems. An emotional/behavioral disability includes a diagnosis of schizophrenia.

Extended School Day

A provision for special education students to receive instruction for a period longer than the standard school day.

Extended School Year (ESY)

Special education and related services provided to students qualified for special education outside of the normal school year to ensure the student continues her/his educational progress.

Extracurricular Activities

The activities that students engage that are outside the required or elective coursework. These activities are voluntary, non-paying and usually involve students of same age. Students often organize and direct these activities under paid faculty supervision. Schools teams must consider what supplementary aids and services may be necessary to ensure that every student has ability to participate in same non-academic and extracurricular activities as are available to non-disabled peers.

Exit from Special Education

When a school stops providing special education services.  This may be as result of lack of continued eligibility or aging out of services at age 21. School are required to provide a “Prior Written Notice” to parent or student over age 18 before special education services cease.

F

Fixed Mindset

Mindset refers to the beliefs of students and their effect on learning outcomes. Students with a fixed mindset according to entity theory are outcomes focused, don’t view intellectual ability as being malleable and give up quickly on learning the new skills when learning becomes more challenging and difficult.

Flipped Classroom

A flipped classroom is a teaching approach where students at first exposed to content before coming to a class session and then spend class time engaging more deeply with the concepts. This model encourages active learning during in person class sessions allow students to explore concepts, solve problems and discuss ideas with each other and the instructor.

Formative Assessment

Formative assessment is the process of providing feedback to students during the learning process. These are often low stakes activities that allow the instructor to check student work and provide feedback. An instructor writing comments and suggestions on a draft version of a paper is an example of formative assessment.

Fine Motor

Functions which require tiny muscle movements, for example, writing or typing.

Fluency

The ability to read the text accurately, quickly and with proper expression.

Formative Test

A test that determines what students have learned at a particular time in order to plan further instruction.

Free or Reduced-Price Meal

A program designed by government to provide breakfast, lunch, and/or after school snacks for students from low-income families.

Functional Illiteracy

The inability to read or write well enough to perform basic and necessary tasks in life.

Familiar Sounds

The sounds that students hear or speak in their primary language.

 

Fear Motivation

Fear motivation is a motivational type that uses consequences to drive people into action. Fear motivation can be thought of “Negative Motivator” in that you are not motivated by a reward but by the avoidance of pain or consequences. Rather than incentivizing yourself or others with positive motivators, fear motivation uses punishment or negative motivators like getting fired as a way to keep you productively moving towards specific goals, tasks or deliverables. While fear motivation sounds bad, it can actually be used as a positive. For example, if you need to get in shape, you can plan a summer pool party at your house or apartment complex, and use the fear of showing up out of shape as motivation to stick with the gym and your diet. Think of fear motivation as positive stressors or positive constraints that help you outsmart your future self, overcome bad habits, and live the life you want, but may be too afraid to go after.

Formal versus Informal

We use spoken communication informally while we use written communication formally.

Facial Expressions

Your teenage cousin might have told you he was happy, but his apathetic facial expression may have communicated different information. Facial expressions, happy, sad, angry help to convey your message. Be aware of your facial expression when you talk and particularly when you are in class.

Fine Motor

Functions which require small muscle movement for some activities, for example: writing or typing.

Free & Appropriate Education

The right of student with disability to the education and support services necessary to meet each of his/her identified needs at no cost to the parent.

Functional Behavioral Assessment (FBA)

A problem-solving techniques to identify what triggers the behaviors, select appropriate interventions and teach the student alternative behaviors.

 

 

G

Growth Mindset

Growth mindset refers to the beliefs and attitude held by a person which affect their learning outcomes.  Individuals with a growth mindset also referred as incremental theory / process-focused, assess their performance relative to mastery of the material and believe that intellectual ability is malleable.  Having a growth mindset involves sustained effort toward learning new knowledge and reflection on past failures so that one can increase their knowledge and ability.

Generalization

When a student demonstrates skills and behaviors in multiple environments and under a variety of conditions.

GEAR-UP (Gaining Early Awareness and Readiness for Undergraduate Programs)

A grant program created to increase number of low-income students who are prepared to enter and succeed in college.

Gender Bias

The idea that one gender or the other is short changed by school practices and expectations.

General Educational Development (GED) Test

A high school equivalence test certifies that a person has the skills and knowledge equal to those of a high school graduate.

General Vocabulary

The key words which are critical to understanding the main idea, characters and theme of a lesson.

Generalize

Arriving at a broad conclusion based upon a small piece of evidence. May also be referred to as Generalization.

Gestures

When you speak, a gesture makes your message stronger. Pointing out something you want your students to look at more attentively and closely is an example of non-verbal communication that makes your message understood. Motioning warmly toward a topic who deserves special recognition, making a fist to show frustration or anger, such gestures help further engage your audience when you speak.

Genres

A term used to classify literary and informational works into categories such as biography, mystery, historical fiction, etc.

Gifted and Talented Program

A program that offers advanced coursework to students identified as being academically gifted or talented.

GLE (Grade Level Expectation)

The essential content/subject matter to be learned by students at a specific grade level.

Grade Point Average (GPA)

A system of scoring student achievement. Students’ GPA is computed by multiplying the grade received in each course by the number of credits offered for each course, then dividing by the total number of credit hours studied.

Graduate

A student who has received certificate after completing a program’s requirements.

Graduate School

University level that provides instruction and degrees beyond the bachelor degree.

Graduation Requirements

The courses and number of credits required by institution to receive a certificate. The state provides a minimum set of requirements.

Graphic Features

Maps, diagrams, graphs, charts or pictures that help to make the text meaningful and interesting to readers.

Graphing Calculator

A calculator with a larger display that draws and displays math functions and data.

Gross Motor

Functions which require large muscle movements, for example, walking or jumping.

Guided Practice

A teacher-led activity that the class completes together.

 

Goals

The measurable annual benchmarks for growth in academic and functional areas of instruction

Graduation

Students with disabilities have the right to participate in high school graduation activities with their age peers without forfeiting their right to Transition Services from age 18-21 years of age.

Gross Motor

Functions which require large muscle movements. For example, walking or jumping.

Guardianship

When court assigns someone else to handle the affairs for incapacitated individual, such as their finances, health care decisions or where to live.

 

 

H

Hidden Curriculum

The hidden curriculum is a collection of unwritten norms, values, rules and expectations that one must have awareness in order to successfully navigate educational settings. The hidden curriculum includes an understanding of school structures, resources, financial aid systems and institutional rules, along with an awareness of cultural expectations for participating in class and communicating with peers and instructors.

Head Start Program

A government sponsored preschool program for children of low income families.

Health Education

Curriculum that addresses physical, mental, emotional and social health also called holistic development.

Hearing Examiner/Officer

The decision- maker in school discipline hearings.

Heterogeneous Grouping

The practice of grouping together students of varying abilities, interests or ages for instruction.

Higher Education

Study beyond high school at a college or university that results in an associate, bachelor, or higher degree which is also known as Post-secondary Education.

Higher-order Questions

Questions that require thinking and reflection rather than single solution responses.

Higher-order Thinking Skills

The ability to understand complex concepts and apply conflicting information to solve problem that may have more than one correct answer.

High Frequency Words

High utility words which make up 50% of printed text, for example: A, the, this, that, etc.

High School

Generally grades 9th through 10th.

 

Homework

Regular assignments to be completed outside the classroom.

Humorous Tone of Voice

Keeping your speech humorous with funny anecdotes or quotes keeps the audience in positive mood. But you should be aware of keeping your tone cheerful and genuine, not mocking or sarcastic.

 

 

I

Inductive Teaching Method

It begins with specific details, concrete examples and data while ends up on abstract idea. Learners are more engaged in teaching-learning process by performing exercises, discussion, high order thinking, discussion and analysis to arrive at conclusion and generalization.

Innovation

Innovation is practical implementation of ideas that results in the introduction of new goods or services or improvement in offering goods or services. Innovation can refer to something new or to a change made to an existing product, idea or field.

Informative Tone of Voice

An informative tone of voice enhances knowledge, imparts information and inspires personal growth.

Incentive Motivation

Incentive motivation, unlike achievement motivation, says that people are motivated more by reward than by achievement of goal itself. Instead of being motivated by pursuing task, those who are motivated by incentives are driven to take action because of expected reward. For example, if you want a promotion because of the higher salary and not because the new responsibility makes you feel fulfilled, you are motivated by incentives over achievement. However, incentive motivation is not bad thing. In fact, while it seems like the opposite of achievement motivation, the two can actually be used together. For example, if you want a promotion, you can be motivated both by higher salary as well as the more complex and fulfilling work. In this scenarios it is a win-win, because you are externally rewarded as well as internally fulfilled.

Intrinsic Motivation

Intrinsic motivation is based on internal rewards like self-improvement or helping a friend in need for contentment e.g. you may be motivated to get a promotion because you will learn valuable skills. Conversely, you might be motivated to succeed because you want to positively affect the lives of the people around you. However, while the above examples are positive, intrinsic motivation can also have negative drivers e.g. you can motivate yourself to learn new things because otherwise you will feel unfulfilled. The outcome of your actions is positive, but the specific type of motivation you used was focused on stopping a negative outcome rather than creating a positive outcome. So, there are types of intrinsic motivation that all focus on a specific motivational reward or driver. Regardless of positive or negative, intrinsic motivation is typically more sustainable than extrinsic motivation because it usually focuses on positive or altruistic things you can control.

Inclusive Teaching

A mode of teaching that intentionally designs course content and curricula to engage with students of diverse backgrounds, abilities and lived experiences. The ultimate goal of inclusive teaching is to create a learning environment where all students feel valued and supported to succeed.

Instincts

Innate behaviors that are triggered by a broader range of events, such as maturation and the change of seasons. They are more complex patterns of behavior, involve movement of the organism as a whole e.g. sexual activity and migration and involve higher brain centers.

Interpersonal Skills/Abilities

Interpersonal skills are the behaviors and tactics one uses to interact with others effectively. In career, it refers to ability to work well with others. Interpersonal skills range from communication and listening to attitude and deportment helping us interact with others effectively, on the job and in the larger world. Some people are born with such skills but everyone can improve them with practice. Expressing appreciation, resolving disputes and listening well are all interpersonal skills worth practicing.

Idiom

An expression that does not mean what it literally says, for example, “you drive me crazy”, “hit the deck”.

Illiteracy

Lack of reading and/or writing skills.

Immersion

A program that teaches children to speak, read and write in another language.

Inclusion

The practice of educating all children in the same classroom.

Incomplete Academic Session

A temporary grade stating that a student has not finished all class assignments at the end of a grading period.

Independent Study

An opportunity for students to conduct self-directed learning and receive credit.

Inquiry-based Learning

It is an umbrella term that includes pedagogical strategies such as problem-based learning and case-based learning that prioritize students exploring, thinking, asking and answering content questions with peers to acquire new knowledge through a carefully designed activity. Such activities build in opportunities for students to authentically engage and apply scientific process rather than following a predetermined protocol.

Individualized Instruction

A practice provides each student with the lessons and assignments according to ones strengths and needs. Students work at their own pace to learn the material.

Iterative Development

The agile management philosophy is an adaptation of iterative management. The concept is fairly simple. All production of new and innovative products and services will require constant refinement and improvement through iterative experimentation.

Individualistic Approach

It focuses and encourages the individual student to work and learn by themselves in close supervision of teacher.

Inference

The conclusion drawn after reading text and using past knowledge to understand it.

Informal Knowledge

Knowledge about a topic that students learn through experience outside of the classroom.

Inquiry

A process in which students explore a problem and create and work through a plan to solve the problem.

Iteration

Repeating the process in pursuit of incremental improvement.

Integrated Curriculum

The practice of using a single theme to teach a variety of subjects.

Internship

Workplace learning providing an opportunity to apply knowledge and learn new skills.

Instructional Aide

A school employee assigned to help teachers with the education of students. Also known as an Instructional Assistant, Para-educator, or Paraprofessional.

Interactive Learning

It occurs when teacher or computer software adjusts the instruction in response to the learner’s needs.

Interdisciplinary Curriculum

A way to organize curriculum in which content is drawn from two or more subject areas to focus on a particular topic or theme. It is also referred Multidisciplinary Curriculum, Integration, or Integrated Curriculum.

Interpretation

The process of verbally communicating information from one language into another language keeping the intent and meaning of the original information.

Inter Personal Communication

At school, college, university, work, grocery store or at any other place, communication is powerful tool to enhance social skills.

Interactive Approach

An interactive classroom approach definitely have more students to take part in sharing ideas for learning and less from teacher side. Students not only provided the opportunity, but also encouraged to interact with teachers and other students with solid arguments for assertiveness and self-confidence.

Indirect/Guided Teaching Approach

Teacher guides the learners to discover content, material and application of the lesson by themselves whereas teachers facilitate the learning process by allowing the leaners to be engaged through guidance.

Integrated Approach

It makes teachers and students connected what they teach and learn about the subject with relation or explanation of other subjects. It is multi discipline approach.

Individualized Education Program (IEP)

A program describes the education services that a student qualified for special education will receive. It is specific to each student and tailored to his or her individual educational needs.

IEP Team

The group of people, including educators, parents and others with knowledge of the student’s needs which is responsible for creating and reviewing the student’s IEP and determining where, what and how services will be delivered.

Inclusion

The practice of educating children in general education classroom including children with physical, mental and developmental disabilities. In order to meet the individual needs of the student, it is often necessary to provide additional supports in the general education classroom.

Independent Educational Evaluation (IEE)

An evaluation conducted by a qualified examiner who is not employed by the school district at the public's expense.

Individualized Education

The practice of giving lessons and assignments according to each student's needs and strengths. Also called Individualized Instruction.

Instructional Aide

A school employee who is assigned to help teachers with the education of student also know as an Instructional Assistant, Para-educator or Para-professional.

Instructional Placement

Phrase used to describe the situation in which a child spends at least half of his/her school day receiving special education. See also Resource Placement.

J

Job Coach

A person who provides specialized employment training and support on-site.

 

 

K

K-12

Refers to kindergarten through 12th grade education.

Kindergarten Entry Age

The age when children are eligible to enroll in Kindergarten, usually at least 5 years old.

 

 

L

Learning

More or less permanent change in behavior OR change in behavior.

Learning Disability

A child can be, but not always, identified as having a learning disability when he/she does not achieve adequately for child’s age or to meet state-approved grade-level standards when provided with learning experiences and instruction appropriate for the child’s age or state-approved grade-level standards.

Learning Styles

Learning to better understand how when and why different methods effectively work for different students. These are called learning "styles."

Lesson Plan

Teachers’ road map to accomplish the students’ learning with quality assurance during the class. Before planning the lesson, teachers need to enlist the learning outcomes and designing appropriate learning activities. The lesson plan integrates outcomes for students’ learning, teaching/learning activities and strategies to check students’ understanding. To be effective, lesson plan must provide you outline of teaching goals, learning outcomes and means to accomplish them. It is a reminder of what you have to do and how to do it. A productive lesson is not one in which everything goes exactly as planned, but one in which both students and instructors learn from each other.

Learning of Principles

Learning which is based on principles helps in managing the work effectively. Principles based learning explains the relationship between various concepts.

Language Arts

Another term for English curriculum. The focus is on reading, speaking, listening and writing skills.

Learner-centered Classroom

Classroom in which students are encouraged to choose their own learning goals and projects. It is also known as a Student-Centered Classroom.

Learning Contract

An agreement between a student, teacher and parent detailing how the student will work toward specified learning objectives.

Learning Disability

A condition that interferes with student’s ability to learn.

Learning Disorder

A condition that interferes with a student's ability to learn.

Least Restrictive Environment (LRE)

Commonly refers to removing a student from the general education environment as little as possible by providing specially designed instruction and supplementary aids and services in the general education classroom to the maximum extent appropriate for the student.

Learning Styles

The way students learn the best whether through hearing, seeing or doing task.

Limited English Proficient (LEP) Students

Students who are reasonably fluent in another language but who have not yet achieved comparable skills in reading, writing, listening or speaking English.

Literacy

Ability to read and write which also includes scientific literacy, computer literacy, etc.

Literal

The common or ordinary meaning of words.

Long-term Suspension

Exclusion from school for more than 10 days.

Learning Management System (LMS)

A platform that enables instructors to organize and distribute course materials in a digital format. While features may vary, a typical LMS allows instructors to communicate with students, share readings, create and collect assignments, assess student work and post grades. LMS may be used to compliment a face to face course for entirely online course.

Learning Objective/Learning Goal/Learning Outcome

Statements that articulate the knowledge and skills you want students to acquire by the end of the course or after completing a particular unit or assignment. Learning objectives help instructors to shape course content and assessments as well as increase transparency for students by clearly communicating expectations.

 

Looping

A school practice where teacher moves with students to the next grade level rather than sending them to another teacher the next school year.

Learner Centered Approach

A believe that learner is also an important resource of learning as students also know and familiar to knowledge and is also capable to share and learn through experiences.

Language Barriers

Language is needed for any kind of communication and communication becomes tough if people do not understand each other’s language. This is known as a language barrier to communication. But a difference in language is not the only kind of communication barrier. The use of jargon and technical language also creates barriers to communication. You may have heard lawyers discussing a case or doctors talking among themselves about a patient, but not necessarily understood the conversation. Not everyone can understand legal and medical jargon. However, lawyers and doctors regularly interact with their clients who are not from the same profession and are able to convey their points to them by explaining the case, legal or medical, in simple language. Excessive use of jargon, ambiguous words or technical terminology is another kind of language barrier. You can overcome this by keeping communication clear and appropriate for the target audience. If you practice doing this, you will be able to make an impact at your workplace.

 

 

M

Motor Learning

Day to day learning through activities like walking, running, driving, etc. is learnt for ensuring a good life. These activities to a great extent involve muscular coordination hence called motor learning.

Montessori

A system/method of education for children that seeks to develop natural interests and activities rather than use formal teaching methods. It was developed by physician Maria Montessori. It emphasizes independence and it views children as naturally eager for knowledge and capable of initiating learning in a sufficiently supportive and well-prepared learning environment. Montessori developed her theories in the early twentieth century through scientific experimentation with her students; the method has since been used in many parts of the world, in public and private schools alike. A range of practices exists under the name "Montessori" which is not trademarked. Popular elements include mixed-age classrooms, student freedom including their choices of activity, long blocks of uninterrupted work time and specially trained teachers.

Mainstream

The practice of placing students with disabilities into regular classrooms with the supports defined in their IEP. The students usually also receive some assistance and instruction in separate classrooms, or resource rooms.

Manifestation Determination

A process conducted by student’s IEP team to identify and address the relationship between a student’s disability and behaviors that would normally be subject to expulsion or suspension.

Mediation

A voluntary process where a trained, neutral mediator helps parents and/or advocates and school districts reach a mutually acceptable solution to disagreements over special education services and/or supports.

Multidisciplinary Team

A team of teachers, parents, specialists, and administrators who assess the individual needs of a student and make educational recommendations.

Motivation

Applying emotional factors to achieve goals, enjoy learning process and persevere in face of obstacles. Reaching a desired state or outcome. Research suggests that motivation plays a vital role in directing and sustaining student learning. The most motivated students see value in the task, believe that they can accomplish the task and feel that they are in a supportive environment. Intrinsic and extrinsic motivation are two types of motivation and represent all motivational drivers. Intrinsic motivation describes all motivational-types driven by internal rewards while extrinsic motivation describes all motivational-types driven by external rewards.

Mind Mapping

Application of guidelines for devising content in holistic way. This is a technique which can be used whether in an individual working situation or group working simultaneously.

Method

A teaching method comprises of principles and methods used by teachers to enable student learning. These strategies are determined partly on subject matter to be taught and partly by the nature of the learner. For a particular teaching method to be appropriate and efficient it has to be in relation with the characteristic of the learner and the type of learning it is supposed to bring about. Suggestions are there to design and selection of teaching methods must take into account not only the nature of the subject matter but also how students learn. In today's school the trend is that it encourages much creativity. It is a known fact that human advancement comes through reasoning and reasoning enhances creativity. Teaching method refers to general principles, pedagogy and management strategies used for classroom instructions. Choice of teaching method depends on what fits you, your educational philosophy, classroom demographic, subject area(s) and school mission statement.

Mainstream

Placing and teaching students into regular classrooms.

Magnet Schools

An alternate schooling that focuses on a particular area of study such as performing arts or science and technology in addition to the core curriculum.

 

Metacognition

Metacognition involves metacognitive knowledge and metacognitive regulation. Metacognitive knowledge is defined as thinking or having an awareness of one’s cognitive processes. Metacognitive regulation is the active monitoring of one’s cognition through planning (identifying appropriate learning strategies), monitoring (forming an awareness of one’s task performance) and evaluating (assessing and refining one’s learning through reflection).

Monologue

Start listening your thoughts, writing a journal about the thoughts you have about yourself and analysing why you have such thoughts. Think about the good things about yourself and the things you can do well and the things you like.

Maintain Inner Peace

People will like you when you are comfortable with yourself. You can help to grow these feelings by building your sense of self-worth.

Management

Management is the act of getting people together to accomplish desired goals and objectives using available resources efficiently and effectively. Management’s primary function is to get people work together for the attainment of goals and objectives. Management processes include planning, organizing, directing and controlling. An important aspect of management’s function is the allocation of finite resources. Since organizations can be viewed as systems, management can also be defined as human action, including design, to facilitate the production of useful outcomes from a system. This view opens the opportunity to manage oneself, a pre-requisite to attempting to manage others.

Manipulatives

Any object i.e. blocks, toothpicks or coins that can be used to represent or model a problem situation or develop a mathematical concept.

Measurement of Student Progress (MSP)

Assessment of students abilities in math (grades 3rd through 8th), reading (grades 3rd through 8th), science (grades 5th and 8th), and writing (grades 4th and 7th).

Mentor

A person serving as a role model for another person.

Mathematics Engineering Science Achievement (MESA)

The MESA program assists academically disadvantaged students, especially students of color, girls and students in poverty by helping them to prepare and successfully complete 4 year college program.

Middle School

Schools for adolescent students generally grade 6th through grade 8th.

Modeling

The practice of demonstrating to learner how to do task, so that the learner can copy the model. It often includes thinking aloud or talking about how to work through a task.

Multi-age Classroom

A classroom that includes children from different grades.

Multi-disciplinary Curriculum

Generally refers to learning a particular topic area through the viewpoint of more than one subject.

Multiple Intelligences

A theory of intelligence developed in the 1980s by Howard Gardner that broadly defines intelligence beyond mathematical and linguistic to include musical, spatial, bodily-kinesthetic and intrapersonal.

Medium of Communication

There are two major medium of communication 1) Verbal communication which is use of language, words, sentences and voice as the medium of communication and 2) Non-verbal communication which is use of body language, facial expressions, tone and pauses in speech as the medium of communication.

Mode of Communication

In mode of communication verbal communication is linear and voluntary and teachers set out to say something, gather thoughts, form sentences and then start delivering lesson. It is a well-thought process in which teachers focus on communicating their message effectively and nonverbal communication is a continuous process. It is not well-thought-out and is largely involuntary, although teachers can train themselves to use it more purposefully. Unlike verbal communication, nonverbal communication is not linear. It depends more on how one uses their body language and other cues.

Motivating Tone of Voice

A motivational tone keeps people engaged and inspires their personal as well as professional lives. Motivational speaker speaks with conviction and motivates people to tap into their potential and plan for success.

Monotonous Tone

A monotonous tone could be boring and cause disinterest. You can mix the formal tone, informal tone, factual tone, directive tone, assertive tone, friendly tone, questioning tone and conversational tone in your communication to make it more vibrant, impactful and result-oriented

 

 

N

Non-verbal Intelligence

Innate mental capacity to solve the real life challenges, problems and concerns without the use of language/words i.e. through the use of signs and gestures.

Non-verbal Communication

Non-verbal communication uses body language, facial expressions, tone and pauses in speech as the medium of communication. It is true that nonverbal communication can make or break your message.

National Assessment of Educational Progress (NAEP)

The test used for 4th, 8th and 12^th students across the country to assess the progress in reading, mathematics, science, writing, history, civics, geography and arts.

Navigational Plan

A program for grades 6th through 12^th students with the goal to help them to chalk out plans, set classes schedule and prepare for life beyond high school.

No Child Left Behind (NCLB)

A government law that requires yearly student testing, consequences for schools that do not meet standards and requires all teachers and assistants to be highly qualified.

Non-verbal Communication

Messages sent by way of gestures and other body language and drawings.

Negative Punishment

Taking away a pleasant stimulus to decrease or stop the unacceptable behavior.

Negative Reinforcement

Taking away an undesirable stimulus to increase a desirable behavior.

Need for Management

Management needed to coordinate the activities of teaching and make sure all students are learning together for accomplishment of the defined goals. It is based on the activities of getting people together to accomplish desired goals and objectives using available resources efficiently and effectively. Good leaders are needed to keep their schools on track by ensuring that everything that’s being done is ethically geared toward providing what students want. It requires to inject motivation, creativity, discipline and enthusiasm into areas in which they either do not exist or they are not necessarily wanted. People who work for leader must realize that it is their job to make their leaders value them. Since school is viewed as system, management can also be defined as human action to facilitate and ensure the learning outcomes from system. Therefore, management is needed in order to facilitate a coordinated effort toward the accomplishment of goals. Managers are responsible for more work than one person can normally perform, a good manager delegates and integrates work. A manager does this by acting as a clear channel of communication.

Native Language

The language used by someone, or, in the case of student, the language used by the parents of student in their home or learning environment.  For an individual with deafness or blindness, or for an individual with no written language, the mode of communication that is used by the individual, such as sign language, Braille or oral communication.

Natural Supports

The system of supports that are available to all individuals as a natural result of typical family and community living.

Non-academic Services

The services may include counseling services, athletics, transportation, health services and recreational.

 

 

O

Observational Learning

Observational learning extends the effective range of both classical and operant conditioning. In contrast to classical and operant conditioning in which learning occurs only through direct experience, observational learning is the process of watching others and then imitating what observed. The most of learning comes from observations.

Outline Learning Objectives

The first step is to determine what you want students to learn and be able to do after completing the lesson. Once teachers outline the learning outcomes, rank them in terms of their importance. This step prepares for managing class time and accomplishing more important learning outcomes in case you are pressed for time.

Ombudsman

A person that helps resolve conflict or disputes.

On-time Graduation Rate

The number of students who started grade 9th in fall and are expected to graduate six years later.

Open-ended Question

A question that can be answered in more than one way.

Organizational Leadership

The ability to lead groups of individuals toward fulfilling an organization's mission.

Object-based Learning (OBL)

It is a teaching method whereby students engage with authentic or replica material objects in their learning in order to gain discipline specific knowledge or to practice observational or practical skills that can be applied in practical fields. “Objects” can include a number of different material items often housed in museums: specimens, works of art, architectural forms, relics, manuscripts & rare books, archival documents or artifacts of various kinds. Research on OBL suggests that “objects can inspire, inform, fascinate and motivate learners at all stages of their education”.

Operant Conditioning/Learning

It stresses on the fact that the consequences of actions shape and strengthen the behavior. The intensity of a response is either increased or decreased as a result of reinforcement or punishment. Skinner explained how with the help of reinforcement one can strengthen behavior and with punishment reduce or curb behavior. It was also analysed that the behavioral change strongly depends on the schedules of reinforcement with focus on timing and rate of reinforcement.

Observational Learning

A Social Learning model which focused on learning by imitation or observing others’ behavior. For observational learning to take place effectively, four important elements will be essential: Motivation, Attention, Memory and Motor Skills.

Organizational Barriers

Organizational hierarchy can be a communication barrier. Even a family may have a power hierarchy, leading to a lack of transparency or communication barrier. The solution to this is to establish a clear dialogue with right people. Choose appropriate words and communication channels, be an active listener, let other person feel you are involved in conversation, minimize distractions such as noise, analyze feedback and implement the required change, be compassionate, unbiased & inclusive and focus on forming constructive & long-lasting bonds are here some of the ways to remove communication barriers. Removing communication barriers is a gradual but essential process. This skill is the need of the hour in today’s highly competitive world.

Occupational Therapy

A special education service which is usually focused on the development of students’ fine motor skills and strategies for daily life.

Other Health Impairment

Other health impairment means having limited strength, vitality or alertness including a heightened alertness to environmental stimuli that results in limited alertness with respect to the educational environment that adversely affect educational performance.

Orientation and Mobility Services

The services that teach blind or visually impaired child navigation skills to know where he is in space and how to plan to get where he wants to go within the school setting and community.

Orthopedic Impairment

Physical impairments caused by congenital anomaly, impairments caused by disease (Poliomyelitis & Bone tuberculosis) and impairments from other causes (Cerebral Palsy, Amputations & Fractures or Burns that cause Contractures) that adversely affect a students’ educational performance.

 

 

P

Passive Learning

It is the trial and error process that we all use every day to find out what works and what doesn't and the most efficient ways of accomplishing tasks.

Power Motivation

In power motivation people are motivated by control over their own lives and others. Everyone wants choices and people are often motivated to increase their overall life-options and control the environment around them. For this reason, power motivation manifests itself in the desire to affect the direction of our lives and the lives of those around us. Power motivation can be seen in real-world horrors like Nazi Germany and other scenarios where the hunger to control others outweighs any moral obligation or code.

Proximity

How close you are to your students when you speak sends a non-verbal message. If your size is imposing and you leave very small distance between you and your students, it is likely your non-verbal communication will be a bit threatening. On other hand, giving someone much space is an awkward non-verbal communication that may confuse your students.

Product Owner

It focuses on being voice of students and the representation of stakeholders in the team environment. Stakeholders, in this context, represent anyone with an interest in the output of that team primarily students.

Physiological Motivation

Humans are driven by internal forces e.g. actions are motivated by primal physiological needs/feelings regardless of how hard we try. This represents physiological motivational factors that are both internal and outside of our control i.e. Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs.

Humans are motivated by basic needs such as food and shelter as well as higher-level psychological needs and self-fulfilment. These needs are innate in all of us and we are internally-motivated to achieve them at all costs, making it helpful when trying to understand the thought process of yourself or others.

 

Appearance

Your clothing, hair and jewellery are also a part of non-verbal communication. Similarly, quality and condition of your clothing, how it fits, if it is appropriate to season all of these speak non-verbally about communicator. Non-verbal communication reveals a lot about communicator and how you relate to other people. It pays to be aware of the elements of non-verbal communication so you can maximize the impact of your lesson deliverance.

Presenting Lesson Plan

Letting your students know what they will be learning and doing in class will help keep them engaged and on track. You can share your lesson plan by writing a brief agenda on board or telling students explicitly what they will be learning and doing in class. You can outline on board or handout the learning outcomes for the class. Providing a meaningful organization of the class time can help students not only remember better, but also follow your presentation and understand the rationale behind in-class activities. Having a clearly visible agenda will help you and students stay on track.

Parents Involvement

The participation of parents in the education of their children.

Practice Norms

Learn to respond acceptably anywhere you are according to norms.

Plan Specific Learning Activities

Prepare different ways of explaining the material i.e. real-life examples, analogies, visuals, etc. to catch the attention of more students and appeal to different learning styles.

Plan to Check for Understanding

Now teachers have explained the topic and illustrated it with different examples, it is need to check for student understanding, how will you know that students are learning? Think about specific questions you can ask students in order to check for understanding, write them down and then paraphrase them so that you are prepared to ask the questions in different ways.

Personal Schema

Schema determines how confident we are in ourselves. We can change it. Use mental photo shopping skills and work on your self-image. If it is not a good one, change it.

Positive Attitude

Replace negative thoughts with positive one. With this tiny little skills, you may be able to achieve and change whole thought pattern in a short time frame.

Psychological Barriers

Sometimes people have a habit of starting an argument when someone counters their opinion. As a result, people tend to avoid them and this affects their personal and professional relationship. Psychological barriers such as anger, fear, jealousy, insecurity, shyness and close mindedness can always damage communication and in turn relationships. If you know how to connect with your students, you can avoid the complicated situations that arise due to these barriers.

Parent Teacher Association (PTA)

A national, non-profit organization, independent of the school system that supports family involvement in schools and advocates for children. When student members are included, the name often becomes PTSA or Parent Teacher Student Association.

Parent Teacher Meeting/Conference

A meeting where parents and teachers discuss present and future academic progress of student.

Pedagogy

The art or profession of teaching. It is method, practice and study of effective teaching. In order to be effective, instructors must have both subject-based knowledge and pedagogic knowledge and skills.

Peer Mediation

Programs in which students are trained in conflict resolution and assist other students to work through problems without using violence.

Physical Barriers

Physical barriers such as hearing impairment, defects in vision, speech problems, or learning disabilities such as dyslexia affect communication, but they can be overcome with proper training and practice.

Performance Assessment

A test that determines what students know through their ability to perform certain tasks.

 

Performance Criteria

The skills and knowledge that will be evaluated as a student completes a task.

Performance Tasks

Activities, exercises or problems that require students to show what they can do.

Per-pupil Expenditures

Expenditures incurred by schools/state divided by total number of students in school/ state.

Phonemic Awareness

The ability to identify and combine individual sounds (phonemes) into spoken words.

Problem-based Learning

A form of student-centred teaching that focuses on having students work through open-ended problems to explore course material. Students are asked to define the problem as part of the process, research content outside of class time and iterate solutions to arrive at their final response. It is a student-centred teaching that engages students with course content as they work through a complex project. These projects are typically real-world scenarios and multifaceted. Project-based learning encourages interdisciplinary conversations and groups work.

Phonics

An instructional strategy used to teach reading. It helps beginning readers by teaching them letter-sound relationships and having them sound out words.

Picture Dictionary

A dictionary that defines words using pictures and graphics.

Placement Exam

A skill test given to new students to determine what class / courses are best for their abilities and interests.

Policy

A piece of legislation, norm or regulation.

Portable Classroom

A building often with one or two rooms that is used as a classroom and can be moved when it is no longer needed.

Portfolio

A collection of work that demonstrates the progress over time.

Pre-requisite

A course that must be completed before student is allowed to register for advanced course.

Primary Language

A student's first language. The language spoken at home.

Principal

The person manages, supervises and evaluates the day-to-day activities of school.

Professional Development

Program that allows teachers or administrators to acquire knowledge and skills they need to perform their jobs successfully.

Proficiency

The ability to do something at grade level.

Prompt

Pictures or words to which a student responds orally or in writing.

Pull-out Programs

The practice of providing instruction in small groups outside of regular classroom in order to provide particular students additional learning opportunities.

Pupil

A student.

Punishment

Many people confuse negative reinforcement with punishment, but they are two different mechanisms. Remember that reinforcement, even when it is negative, always increases behavior.

In contrast, punishment always decreases a behavior. In positive punishment, you add an undesirable stimulus to decrease an unacceptable behavior i.e. positive punishment is scolding students to get the students stop noising in class. In this case, a stimulus (Reprimand) is added in order to decrease the behavior (Noising). In negative punishment, you remove a pleasant stimulus to decrease a behavior. For example, when a child misbehaves, a parent can take away a favorite toy. In this case, a stimulus (Toy) is removed in order to decrease the behavior.

Punishment, especially when it is immediate, is one way to decrease unacceptable behavior. Imagine your children, Haadi, hit his younger brother. You ask Haadi to write 50 times “I will not hit my brother” (Positive Punishment). Chances are he would not repeat this behavior. It is important to be aware of some drawbacks in using physical punishment for children. First, punishment may teach fear. Haadi may become fearful of the hitting, but he also may become fearful of the person who delivered the punishment you, his parent. Similarly, children who are punished by teachers may come to fear the teacher and try to avoid school. Consequently, most schools in have banned corporal punishment. Second, punishment may cause children to become more aggressive and prone to antisocial behavior and delinquency. They see their parents resort to spanking when they become angry and frustrated, so, in turn, they may act out this same behavior when they become angry and frustrated.

While positive punishment can be effective in some cases, it should be weighed against the possible negative effects. Today’s psychologists and parenting experts favor reinforcement over punishment, they recommend that you catch your child doing something good and reward them for it.

Positive Punishment

Adding an undesirable stimulus to stop or decrease an unacceptable behavior

Positive Reinforcement

Adding a desirable stimulus to increase the desirable behavior.

Primary Reinforcer

Having innate reinforcing qualities e.g. food, water, shelter and respect.

Punishment

Implementation of consequence in order to decrease an unacceptable behavior.

Primary and Secondary Reinforcers

Rewards such as stickers, praise, money, toys and more can be used to reinforce learning. People can be rewarded with food each time they do acceptable behaviors. Primary reinforcers are reinforcers that have innate reinforcing qualities. These kinds of reinforcers are not learned. Water, food, sleep, shelter and respect are primary reinforcers. Pleasure is also a primary reinforcer. Organisms do not lose their drive for these things.

Planning Skills

Planning is a fundamental cognitive skill that forms part of our executive functions. It can be defined as ability to think about the future or anticipate the right way to carry-out a task or reach a specific goal. Planning is the mental process that allows us to choose the necessary actions to reach a goal, decide the right order, assign each task to the proper cognitive resources and establish a plan of action. This executive function depends on elements like neuroplasticity, establishing new paths as synaptic connections, etc. In order to plan efficiently, you need the necessary information, but you also need to be able to mentally establish an adequate synthesis of all the data. In the planning ability, deterioration/alteration makes some things more difficult for example organizing an event, shopping, following instructions, completing a task, packing a backpack for school etc. It is also possible that they have a hard time understanding an idea or final goal. People with poor planning may present the following symptoms or characteristics:

• Difficulty when making decisions
• Difficulties anticipating the consequences of their actions
• Unable to correctly calculate the time it will take to do a determined task
• Trouble prioritizing and deciding the importance of steps in a task
• Easily distracted and forgetful
• Tend to have low productivity or creativity
• May do tasks quickly and carelessly, or slowly and incomplete
• Difficulties thinking or doing more than one thing at a time
• Have a hard time with surprises or unexpected problems
• Take longer than others to change from one activity to another

Purpose of Management

The purpose of management is to serve customers. Yet, if one looks through most management books for a definition of management, 99.9 percent of the time the word customer will not be mentioned. This is astonishing because serving customers in order to obtain a profit is the crux of every business organization. Equally remiss is the fact that most definitions of management neatly filter out service in their descriptions of management. Good managers constantly streamline their organizations toward making a sale. In other words, good managers are needed to keep their organizations on track by ensuring that everything that’s being done is ethically geared toward providing what customers want. In this regard, a good manager is responsible for reducing waste and ambiguity, keeping costs down, and motivating others to do the same. In the same vein, good managers regularly take educated risks and exercise good judgement (the basis of entrepreneurship).

Para-educator

A school employee who is assigned to help a teacher with the education of student(s). Also known as an Instructional Aide, Instructional Assistant, or Paraprofessional.

Parent Participation

A school must ensure that one or both of the parents of a student eligible for special education are present at each IEP team meeting or are afforded the opportunity to participate, including: (1) Notifying parents of the meeting early enough to ensure that they will have an opportunity to attend and (2) scheduling the meeting at a mutually agreed on time and place indicating the purpose, time, and location of the meeting and who will be in attendance. Parents must be informed about the participation of other individuals on the IEP team who have knowledge or special expertise about the student. Parents must also be included in the development of a transition plan. If neither parent can attend an IEP team meeting, the school district must use other methods to ensure parent participation, including video or telephone conference calls. A meeting may be conducted without a parent in attendance if the school district is unable to convince the parents that they should attend. In this case, the public agency must keep a record of its attempts to arrange a mutually agreed on time and place. The school district must take whatever action is necessary to ensure that the parent understands the proceedings of the IEP team meeting, including arranging for an interpreter for parents with deafness or whose native language is other than English. The school district must give the parent a copy of the student's IEP at no cost to the parent.

Pervasive Developmental Disorder (PDD)

A term used to describe a certain type of disability on the autism spectrum.

Physical Development

Fine and/or gross motor skills requiring precise, coordinated, use of small muscles and/or motor skills used for body control such as standing, walking, balance, and climbing that adversely affect a student's educational performance.

 

 

Physical Therapy

A treatment of physical disabilities, under a doctor's prescription, that helps a student improve the use of bones, muscles, joints, and nerves in order to better access education programs and services.

Placement

The how and where students who have an IEP or Section 504 Plan receive the special education services or accommodations outlined in their plans.

Positive Behavior Support

An approach to changing student behavior that interferes with learning that is focused on scientifically- based, best evidence-based practices, data, and positive outcomes for students. Generally, the goal of positive behavioral support is to increase a student’s integration and access to their peers and the educational environment, and to prevent isolation, restraint or disciplinary actions for a student.

Post-secondary Education

Instruction and training that occurs after graduation from high school.

Prior Written Notice

A written document that describes any changes to a student’s eligibility, evaluation, placement, or services that is provided to the parent before the changes occur. This written notice must be provided in the parent’s native language. The district must also provide this notice when it refuses to make a change that is requested by the parent.

 

 

Q

Quick Write

An exercise, students quickly write down everything they know about a topic.

Quota

The number constituting a proportional share.

Quotation

The repeated statement from a person or from text. When written, it is enclosed in quotation marks.

Quorum

The minimum number of members of a group required to be present at a meeting in order to make decisions for an organization.

 

 

R

Reinforcement & Punishment

In operant conditioning/learning, we use several everyday words i.e. positive & negative reinforcement and positive & negative punishment in specialized manner. In operant conditioning, positive and negative do not mean good and bad. Instead, positive means adding something and negative means taking something away. Reinforcement means increasing a behavior and punishment means decreasing a behavior. Reinforcement can be positive or negative and punishment can also be positive or negative. All reinforcers (Positive or Negative) increase the likelihood of behavioral response. All punishers (Positive or Negative) decrease the likelihood of a behavioral response.

Description	Reinforcement	Punishment
Positive	Something is added to increase the likelihood of a behavior	Something is added to decrease the likelihood of a behavior
Negative	Something is removed to increase the likelihood of a behavior	Something is removed to decrease the likelihood of a behavior

 

Reinforcement

The effective way to teach students something new is with reinforcement.

In positive reinforcement, a desirable motive is added to strengthen the behavior. For example, you tell your students that if they learn their lesson or cleans their room, they will get a pen. They quickly do the same because they want a new pen. Some teachers may assume, “Why should I reward my students for doing what is expected?” But in fact we are constantly and consistently rewarded in our lives. Our paychecks are rewards, as are high grades and acceptance into our preferred school. Being praised for doing a good job and for passing a test is also a reward. Positive reinforcement as a learning tool is extremely effective. It has been found that one of the most effective ways to increase achievement in schools with below-average reading scores was to pay the children to read. Specifically, students be reinforced each time they passed test. The idea was that students would spend additional time studying the material to increase their chance of being reinforced the next time.

In negative reinforcement, an undesirable stimulus is removed to increase a behavior e.g. car manufacturers use the principles of negative reinforcement in their seatbelt systems, which go “beep, beep, beep” until you fasten your seatbelt. The annoying sound stops when you exhibit the desired behavior, increasing the likelihood that you will buckle up in the future. Negative reinforcement is also used frequently in schools. Teachers apply pressure and then remove when the students perform desired behavior, such as writing or passing the test with high grades. The pressure is the negative stimulus that the students want to remove.

Reflexes

The motor or neural reaction to a specific stimulus in the environment. They tend to be simpler than instincts, involve the activity of specific body parts and systems (e.g., the knee-jerk reflex and the contraction of the pupil in bright light), and involve more primitive centers of the central nervous system e.g. spinal cord and the medulla.

Reflecting on Your Lesson Plan

A lesson plan may not work as expected due to a number of extraneous circumstances. You should not get discouraged, it happens to even the most experienced teachers. Take a few minutes after each class to reflect on what worked well and why and what you could have done differently. Identifying successful and less successful activities would make it easier to adjust to the contingencies of the lesson plan / classroom.

Re-admission

A request to have a student readmit to school before end of an expulsion or suspension.

Readability

The level of difficulty in a written passage.

Resource

Something that one uses to achieve an objective. An examples of a resource could be a raw material or an employee.

Reference Tools

Materials for students to refer in order to check spelling, word meaning, grammar, etc. such as picture dictionaries and/or bilingual dictionaries.

 

 

Remedial Class

Instruction, in addition to regular classroom learning, that provide additional time and attention for a student to learn what’s expected at their grade level.

Report Card

The record of student attendance and performance for entire schooling year.

Recorded versus Unrecorded

Written communication is generally archived and recorded for later retrieval while spoken communication is generally not recorded.

Response to Intervention (RTI)

A tool that helps educators to identify students at risk for poor learning outcomes, provide evidence based instructional strategies, monitor student progress and apply additional value added interventions.

Respectful Tone of Voice

One of the important examples of tones is the respectful tone of voice. A respectful tone enhances the quality of your communication. It conveys your kindness, humility and truthfulness.

Rubric

A grading or scoring system that lists what work students must show to be proficient. Running Start

A college preparation option that permits students in grades 11th and 12th to take courses on local community and technical college campuses and earn credit toward both high school graduation and college degree.

Retrieval Practice

Retrieval practice involves retrieving new knowledge from memory in order for durable retention in long-term memory. The process is supported by experiments which explore students’ recall of new material. Retrieval practice can take the form of frequent, low-stakes quizzes or students may employ methods like flashcards for self-testing.

Reinforcement
Implementation of a consequence in order to increase the desirable behavior.

 

 

Reasonable Accommodation

Educational program adaptation or modifications that allow students with disabilities to more fully participate in school.

Re-evaluation

Evaluation which occurs for student who is already eligible for special education services to determine their continued eligibility for services or if any changes to the educational program need to occur.

Referral

The written request made to a school to evaluate a student for special education.

Related Services

Various support services, for special education students. For example: transportation, social work and counseling.

Resolution Session

A meeting between the parents, school district, and IEP team that occurs after a due process hearing request has been made in order to discuss the complaint and try to solve the problem before the hearing occurs.

Response to Intervention (RTI)

Refers to scientifically-based interventions a school district may use to determine if a child has a learning disability.

Resource Room

A special education classroom where students can go for additional help mastering academic skills. A student’s IEP designates the number of minutes a day and/or week a student will receive resource room support.

S

School Counselor

School staff member who provides counseling services to students and their families to help them address learning problems and assists students in career and personal development.

Students Learning Outcomes (SLOs)

What students are supposed to learn and able to do is called students learning outcomes.

Scaffolding

A process in which instructors build on students’ previous experience / knowledge by adding specific timely support structures in form of activities for students to master new knowledge/skills and achieve learning goals.

Social Belonging

Social belonging is a state when students feel welcomed and included into a community where they can engage freely and foster positive relationships with others.

Summative Assessment

A process of measuring students’ learning at the conclusion of a course or a portion of course. It is typically associated with grades and can take the form of quizzes, exams or papers.

Stereotype Threat

Stereotypes are negative generalizations about groups of people. When students are subtly or overtly made aware of these stereotypes while performing challenging academic tasks in domains that are important to them, they begin to underperform in these tasks. Anxiety about confirming a negative stereotype creates additional cognitive load that reduces the capacity of working memory in the brain.

Student-centred Teaching

Instructor-centre teaching refers to instructors teaching content solely through a passive approach such as lecturing while students listen and take notes with minimal interaction with other students whereas student-centered teaching consists of instructors using a wide range of pedagogical approaches for students to learn and actively engage with the course content by having students construct knowledge with peers through collaboration, discussion, group projects, and problem solving.

Student Engagement

Student engagement describes the ways in which students actively participate in learning process for their own development. An increase in student engagement is thought to be linked to an increase in student learning. Student engagement is often tied to active learning techniques and student motivation.

School-based Management

A system of school governance by which school level decisions are taken by the individual school rather than other level.

School Board

The school board is formed by School Board Members. They set goals and policy, hire and supervise the Superintendent and manage the finances of the school district.

School Choice

The opportunity for families to choose which schools their children will attend.

School Culture

The values, cultures, safety practices and organizational structures that cause a school community to function and react in particular ways.

School Day

Any day, including a partial day, when students attend school for instruction.

School-family Partnership

Collaborative relationships between educators and family members based on mutual respect, trust, equality and shared goals that support and focus on student academic success.

School Improvement Plan (SIP)

The long term plan schools create with staff and parents to ensure that all students are achieving at high grades.

School Improvement Status

The consequences faced by schools that do not meet adequate yearly progress (AYP) required by No Child Left Behind.

School Readiness

The knowledge that children are usually expected to have upon entering kindergarten.

School Records

Any information about a student kept by the school.

Self-awareness

Knowing what one is feeling and understanding the impact.

Self-regulation/Self-control

Controlling or re-directing one’s emotions and anticipating consequences before acting.

Social skills

Managing relationships, inspiring others and inducing desired responses from them.

School-to-work

A curriculum that integrates academic study with up-to-date career and technical education and work-readiness skills.

Scientific Research

Research about educational programs and activities that uses systemic and objective procedures that provide results considered reliable and valid.

Self-correction

Student recognizes and corrects error without input from others.

Self-efficacy

Learners' beliefs about their capacity of succeeding when learning specific topics or tasks.

Self-esteem

An affective / emotional reaction to the self.

Shaping

In operant learning, BF Skinner used the approach called shaping. Instead of rewarding only the target behavior, in shaping, we reward successive approximations for target behavior. Why is shaping needed? In shaping, behaviors are broken down into many small and achievable steps. The specific steps used in the process are the following: Reinforce any response that resembles the desired behavior. Then reinforce the response that more closely resembles the desired behavior. You will no longer reinforce the previously reinforced response. Next, begin to reinforce the response that even more closely resembles the desired behavior. Continue to reinforce closer and closer approximations of the desired behavior. Finally, only reinforce the desired behavior.

Shaping is often used in teaching a complex behavior or chain of behaviors. It is easy to see how shaping is effective in teaching behaviors, but how does shaping work with humans? Let’s consider parents whose goal is to have their child learn to clean his room. They use shaping to help him master steps toward the goal. Instead of performing the entire task, they set up these steps and reinforce each step. First, he cleans up one toy. Second, he cleans up five toys. Third, he chooses whether to pick up ten toys or put his books and clothes away. Fourth, he cleans up everything except two toys. Finally, he cleans his entire room.

Secondary Reinforcer

A secondary reinforcer has no inherent value and only has reinforcing qualities when linked with a primary reinforcer. Praise, linked to affection, is one example of a secondary reinforcer, as when you called out “Great” every time students do well. Another example, money, is only worth something when you can use it to buy other things, either things that satisfy basic needs (Food, Water, Shelter, Primary Reinforcers) or other secondary reinforcers. If you are on a remote island in the middle of the Ocean and you had stacks of money, the money would not be useful if you could not spend it.

Secondary Reinforcer

Having no inherent value unto itself and only has reinforcing qualities when linked with something else e.g. money, gold stars and poker chips

Shaping

Rewarding successive approximations toward a target behavior.

Sign Language

A communication through signs with hands, facial expressions and body movements.

Sight Vocabulary

Words that a reader can immediately read without having to decode, also known as Sight Words.

Snow/Sun Day

Refers to a day that schools are closed because of unsafe weather. It can also refer to the day added to the school calendar that replaces the missed school time.

 

 

Social Study

The study of civics, geography, economics, history, skills of research, reasoning and analysis that students should be able to use in their studies of these subjects.

Social Promotion

The practice of promoting students to the next grade whether or not they have accomplished the goals of their current grade.

Special Needs Students

The students who require special instructional programs to reach their learning potential.

Standardized Achievement Tests (SAT)

A test widely used for college entrance examination, also known as the SAT Reasoning Test and formerly called Scholastic Aptitude Test.

Standardized Testing

A test provided in the same format for all who take it.

Standards

Statements of what students should know and be able to demonstrate.

Story Elements

The critical parts of story include character, setting, plot, problem and solution.

Student-centered Classroom

Classroom in which students are encouraged to choose their own learning goals and projects. Also known as Learner-centered Classroom.

Student Learning Plan (SLP)

A formal education document to provide regular communication to parents about the student’s continued academic progress and to assure that students are on track for high school graduation.

Student-led Conference

A parent-teacher meeting/conference in which students prepare for conference and lead it by showing the parents samples of their work and discussing areas of strengths and weaknesses.

Student Study Team

A team of educators and school staff that comes together at the request of a classroom teacher, parent or counselor to develop a support system to meet the needs of particular student. It is also referred as Multi-disciplinary Team or Student Intervention Team.

Summary

A condensed form of a particular piece of information.

Supplemental Education

Additional instruction to basic education.

Soft Tone of Voice

Soft types of tone are used for intimate conversations. A soft helps form a bond and nurture a relationship. It also helps express empathy and gentleness during difficult conversations. Soft tones, as opposed to harsh or angry tones, make people feel safe. This is why people tend to use a soft tone while talking to a child.

Suspension

A disciplinary action that removes a student from school for a definite period of time. Long-term suspensions last for more than 10 days; short term suspensions last fewer than 10 days.

Syllabus

An outline and description of a course.

Subject Mattered / Centered Approach

Subject matter gains primacy over that of the leaners and teachers come up with the examples and explanations from the same subject or topic.

Self-assessment

Set time in morning/evening or before work for self-assessment. Solitude is needed for this kind of introspection.

Socialization/Social Participation

Stay mix and updated with your surroundings by following the social norms. Socialization and peopling skills can bring rise in self-awareness.

Self-confidence

Trusting our abilities and capacities is called self-confidence. There are two main things contribute to self-confidence.

Self-efficacy

Students’ belief in his/her ability to achieve goals. Albert Bandura defines it: a personal judgement “how well one executes action required to deal with prospective situations”.

Self-esteem

Confidence in students’ own worth or self-respect.

Synchronous Collaboration

Synchronous collaboration where everyone interacts in real-time as in online meetings, through instant messaging or via Skype.

Self-control

The ability to manage actions and decisions students take in routine life. One of the key parts of culture is to focus on self-improvement. A student with self-control is able to meet temptations and distractions calmly. Students should take charge of their life. By following simple steps, students can build, strengthen and maintain their self-control.

Social Skills

Ability to respond/act acceptably/according to norms of society for personal and community well-being is known as social skills. Here are below some common and essential social skills:

Servant Management

With this approach, the manager helps supply resources the employees need to meet company goals. In servant leadership, the organization recognizes employees as experts in their field and work to help them work efficiently.

Social Entrepreneurship

It is a recent emergence in management in which entrepreneurial management styles are being taken to the non- profit and community development sectors.

Scrum

A management philosophy predicated upon a feedback-driven iterative evolution of process. Scrum has been around since the late 1980s, but not particularly prevalent until the early 21st century. Scrum is defined as a feedback-driven empirical approach that highlights transparency, inspection, and adaptation. In terms of values, scrum discards traditional hierarchy and promotes commitment, courage, focus, openness, and respect in a team -oriented, objectives-driven environment.

Scrum Framework

This is an excellent illustration of how scrum mentality works. It is intrinsically a horizontal management style, meaning there is no particular managerial presence. The idea that the process itself is self-sustaining in pursuit of agreed upon objectives via an iterative cycle of production.

Scrum Master

A facilitator, this individual focuses on removing impediments and acting as a buffer between the team and external distractions (usually integration with other teams). The scrum master will also assess progress holistically, and ensure alignment with the scrum mentality.

Software

The two big words in software management over the past decade or two have been Scrum and Agile. Each of these approaches is a management philosophy equipped for rapid construction, iteration and implementation.

Social Entrepreneurship

Utilizing the ever-evolving perspectives of start-up companies and entrepreneurs, non-profit organizations and other community-oriented groups have begun replacing traditional management approaches with a more grassroots perspective. A key metric to a social entrepreneur isn’t profit but community impact, usually in areas such as poverty alleviation, health care, education, and community development. This management style is small, focused, innovation-driven, and non-hierarchical.

System

A whole composed of relationships among the members.

Synchronous versus Asynchronous

Synchronous communication is communication that takes place in real time such as conversation with friend. In contrast, asynchronous communication is communication that is not immediate and occurs over longer periods of time such as letters, email or text messages.

Special Education

Special education is a service that some children with disabilities receive. Not all children with disabilities qualify for special education services. The instruction provided to students with disabilities according to the requirements of special education. Specially designed instruction to meet the unique needs of a child with a disability who qualifies for special education. The services are provided at no cost to the parent. The services can be provided in many different settings.

Social or Emotional Development

The ability to develop and maintain functional interpersonal relationships and to exhibit age appropriate social and emotional behaviors.

Special Education Student

Any student who has a disability that adversely affects his or her academic performance.

Specially Designed Instruction

Instruction designed to address the specific needs of a student who qualifies for special education services. It is based on the results of the student’s individual evaluation. In order for instruction to be considered specially designed, it must differ from the instruction provided in the general education program, and cannot merely be accommodations or modifications.

Specific Learning Disabilities

A disorder of one or more psychological processes that interfere with the ability to process language,

Supplementary Aids and Services

Aids, services, and other supports that are provided in general education classes or other education-related settings that enable students with disabilities to participate to the maximum extent appropriate with nondisabled students in the least restrictive environment and in all programs and activities offered to students.

Supported Employment

A progressive approach to maximizing competitive employment opportunities for people with disabilities.

Surrogate Parent

A person designated by the school district to assume all parent educational rights when a parent or immediate relative caring for the child cannot be identified, or when a child is a ward of the state. Written or spoken that may be noticed with difficulty in listening, speaking, writing, reading, spelling, or doing mathematical calculations.

Speech/language Impairment

A communication disorder, such as stuttering, impaired articulation, a language impairment or voice impairment that adversely affects student's educational performance.

Speech Language Pathologist (SLP)

A professional who can help students who have language and speech disorders. This might include expressive and/or reception language as well as speech disorders.

Stay Put

The right of a student with a disability to remain in his or her current placement until disputes have been resolved. When a parent or the school district files for a hearing, there may be a stay put requirement until the dispute is settled.

 

 

 

T

Technique

A technique is actually an implementation of lesson in a classroom which is basically procedure or trick to accomplish the immediate objective. It is always consistent with methods approaches harmony.

Trends in Management

Modern trends in management favour agile processes that focus on innovation, software development and social impacts.

Team Management

In a team management arrangement the manager is a guiding hand to help the members of the team work together to solve problems but doesn’t dictate policy and the entire team receives the reward of meeting those goals.

Teacher Certification

Official state recognition that a person meets state standards and is qualified to be a teacher in public schools.

Touch

Shaking students’ hand, putting hand on shoulder of students are non-verbal cues that can affect the success of your lesson delivering. Touch communicates affection, but it also communicates power. In fact, when women touch a listener, it is often assumed that they are being affectionate or conveying empathy, but when a man touches a listener, it can be taken as a sign of communicating power or even dominance.

Teaching Development Plan (TDP)

A plan helping instructors to focus on teaching specific career goals. It encourages instructors to set goals and periodically reflect on both progress and barriers faced while working towards these goals.

Time-out

Time-out is a popular technique used in behavior modification with children. It operates on the principles of negative punishment. When a child demonstrates an undesirable behavior, he/she is removed from the desirable activity at hand. For example, say that Ariqa and her brother Mannan are playing with building blocks. Ariqa throws some blocks at her brother, so you give her a warning that she will go to time-out if she does it again. A few minutes later, she throws more blocks at Manna. You remove Ariqa from the room for a few minutes. When she comes back, she does not throw blocks. It is a popular form of negative punishment used by caregivers. When a child misbehaves he/she is removed from a desirable activity in an effort to decrease the unwanted behavior. For example, (a) a child may be playing on the playground with friends and push another child; (b) the child who misbehaved would then be removed from the activity for a short period of time.

Threshold Concept

Thresholds are crucial barriers in the learning process where students often get “stuck”. These ideas are essential in understanding a particular discipline and progress in the discipline and can be blocked until the barrier to understanding has been overcome. Examples of discipline-based threshold concepts include deep time in geology or the idea of constructed narrative in history.

Traditional Management

There is a hierarchy of employees, low level management, mid-level management, and senior management. In traditional management systems, the manager sets out expectations for the employees who need to meet goals, but the manager receives the reward of meeting those goals.

Transfer

A cognitive process by which learner takes what they have learned in one context and successfully applies it to another. Transfer is often broken down into “near transfer” (Transfer of Knowledge to a similar Task/Context) and “far transfer” (Transfer of Knowledge to Novel Tasks/Contexts).

Transparent Assignment Design

An inclusive teaching practice which helps students to understand the purpose of assessment, clearly describe the task and how it should be accomplished and plainly define criteria for success. Assignment transparency has been shown to significantly boost student success in terms of academic confidence, sense of belonging and metacognitive awareness of skill development.

Team Teaching

An arrangement by which two or more teachers teach the same group of students.

 

Tenure

The legal provision that people in certain positions may be fired only for specific cause.

Thematic Units

A unit of study that uses a specific theme. Sometimes thematic units include all core subject areas. Think, Pair, Share. A cooperative learning strategy where students first think about a topic, pair with another student to discuss their ideas and then share with the whole class.

Total Physical Response (TPR)

A learning approach emphasizing the use of physical activity to increase vocabulary retention.

Tracking Teaching

A teaching practice for groups of students to receive instruction according to abilities.

Transcript

A copy of students’ permanent school record that shows courses taken, grades, graduation status and attendance which may include assessments.

Transfer of Learning

The ability to apply previously learned knowledge or skills to new situations.

Translation

The process of transcribing written information from one language into another language keeping the meaning and intent of the original information.

Tutor

The person who provides additional help to students with their schoolwork. A tutor may be another student or an adult.

Teacher Centred Approach

The teacher is perceived only reliable source of exchange of information and focus remains on the content issued and delivered by teacher in and out the classroom.

Tone of Voice

The tone of voice in communication is defined as the way teachers speak to students. It is how teachers use voice to get their point across. If you do not do it right, there is a risk of your point getting lost or misinterpreted. An optimistic and positive tone of voice is always welcome. If you use a pessimistic or accusatory tone of voice in communication, the results may be negative. One of the examples of tones is humor. Genuine humor creates trust and hope and makes your speech memorable. Speaking with the correct tone of voice indicates your decisiveness and intelligence. Tone of voice conveys your feelings and has an impact on how people react to you.

Tangible Objectives

Measurable steps toward the achievement of a goal.

Therapeutic Day Program

An instructional placement for students with significant emotional disturbances in which treatment for the emotional difficulty is incorporated into the school program.

Transition Services

A plan of activities designed to assist and prepare a student in special education to move from secondary education to the workplace or to higher education.

Transition Planning

Planning for adolescents' post-school lives. It must begin by age 16 and it requires transition goals to be incorporated into the IEP process.

Transfer of Rights

Parent rights transfer to the student at the age of 18.  Parents must be notified of the transfer of student rights in writing and in their native language.  Parents may remain involved in their student’s IEP team, and must be notified of IEP meetings once a transfer of rights occurs.

Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI)

An acquired injury to the brain caused by an external physical force, resulting in total or partial functional disability or psychosocial impairment, or both, that adversely affects a student's educational performance. Traumatic brain injury applies to open or closed head injuries resulting in impairments in one or more areas, such as cognition;

 

 

U

Unit of Study

A segment of instruction focused on a particular topic.

Use Motivation

Meaningful and effective motivational strategy is to blend multiple types of motivation together, giving maximum motivation. The certain situations may call a specific blend of motivational forces and factors. Education is a unique setting because often you are trying to motivate students around you. Sometimes, you are trying to motivate others even more than yourself in achieving productivity for you and your students. It is important to consider following types of motivation.

• Achievement motivation
• Incentive motivation
• Fear motivation
• Competence motivation
• Creative motivation

University

An institution of higher education and research which awards academic degrees in a variety of subjects in both undergraduate and postgraduate education.

Unilateral Private School Placement

When a parent places their child with a disability in a private school without the agreement of the school district and requests payment or reimbursement for the costs of the private school.

Universal Design for Learning (UDL)

Universal Design for Learning is a framework to improve and optimize teaching and learning for all people based on scientific insights into how humans learn.  Designing a course according to UDL principles is centred on the key concepts of: engagement, representation, and action & expression.  These are sometimes summarized as the Why, What and How of learning.

Universal Design

A concept or philosophy for designing and delivering products, services and systems that are usable by everyone, including people with disabilities.

 

 

V

Verbal Learning

It is related with the language which we use to communicate and various other forms of verbal communication such as naming the symbols, words, languages, sounds, calling the names of figures and signs.

Verbal Intelligence

The mental ability to solve the problems through the use of language is called verbal intelligence. It is used in assessment whether at institutions or screening tests carried out at the induction time in commissioned positions at both civil and armed forces services.

Versatile Communication

Today, we are witnessing an historic global digital revolution. Work-from-home has become a buzzword. Everyone is attending meetings, reading posts/blogs and learning new skills online. There are various mediums of communication words, symbols, sounds, visuals and so on. Choose the medium of communication that is suitable for the purpose, audience and the message of communication.

Vocational Rehabilitation Services

Employment training and services designed to assist a person with a disability who wants to work but has a substantial barrier to finding or keeping a job.

Verbal Communication

Verbal communication uses language, words, sentences and voice as the medium of communication. In spoken versus written communication, we typically focus on speech. It is important to remember that writing is also a form of verbal communication. After all, writing uses words too. Imagine for a moment that you are a student/teacher who is struggling with material to comprehend. Rather than simply giving up, you will decide that you are going to ask your instructor/senior for the guidance you need to make it through the accomplishment of task. Now, you have a few choices for using verbal communication. You may choose to call, if they have provided contact information or talk in person. You may take a different approach and send an email. You can probably identify your own list of pros and cons for each of these approaches. But really, what is the difference between writing and talking in these situations?

W

Working Memory

An active memory system that holds information while it’s processed or examined.

Whole Language Approach

A teaching method that emphasizes reading for meaning in context.

Work-based Learning

Supervised learning activities of students at paid or unpaid workplace assignments.

Work-study Program

A Financial Aid program that provides jobs for students to earn part of their college related costs.

Writers’ Workshop

A classroom practice teaches students how to write through a short strategy lesson, an opportunity to write independently and discussion how the writing lesson was used to improve their skills.

Year-round Schooling

A school calendar that gives students shorter breaks throughout the year, instead of a traditional three-month summer break.

 

 

Z

Zero Tolerance

The policy that defines specific punishment for students who break certain rules.

Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD)

This developmental zone stands between what the learner can already do on their own and what they cannot yet do. It is the range in which a learner is able to move from point A to point B with assistance from peers or an instructor; in other words, the zone in which learning takes place. The concept was originally described in the work of Soviet psychologist and social constructivist and Lev Vygotsky.

Zero Reject

A core principle of the IDEA which establishes that no student with a disability, regardless of the nature or severity of their disability, can be denied a free, appropriate, public education.